<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0002-3515</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6487</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">681739</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0002351524060025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HVGXWO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Large-eddy simulation of a droplet-laden air-flow over a waved water surface</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вихреразрешающее моделирование воздушного потока, несущего капли над взволнованной водной поверхностью</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzhinin</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дружинин</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>druzhinin@ipfran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Instiute of applied physics RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт прикладной физики РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>60</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>869</fpage><lpage>880</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-31"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0002-3515/article/view/681739">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0002-3515/article/view/681739</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Large-eddy simulation of the dynamics of a turbulent, droplet-laden air-flow over a waved water surface has been carried out. Sufficiently small droplets (with diameter up to 300 micron) are considered which allows us to neglect their deformation. Collisions between the droplets as well as their evaporation are also not taken into account. The droplet mass fraction is prescribed sufficiently small, such that their impact on the air-flow is negligible; the surface wave is prescribed and not affected by either droplets or air-wind. Numerical model is based on the solution of three-dimensional, filtered over subgrid-scale fluctuations, Eulerian equations of air-phase motion, and thr Lagrangian equations of individual droplets motion. A turbulent-viscosity concept is employed for the closure for the subgrid stresses in the air-velocity equations where the kinetic energy of the pulsations unresolved by the mesh is determined by the solution of a prognostic equation. The model is verified by a comparison with the results of a direct numerical simulation of the full equations of motion of the air and dispersed phases. Phase-averaged profiles of the air velocity and momentum flux and droplet concentration for different Reynolds numbers of the carrier flow and droplet injection scenarios are obtained.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проведено вихреразрешающее моделирование динамики турбулентного воздушного потока над взволнованной водной поверхностью, несущего капли. Рассматриваются достаточно мелкие капли (с диаметром до 300 микрон), что позволяет пренебречь их деформацией; не учитываются также столкновения капель между собой и их испарение и теплообмен с воздухом. Массовая концентрация капель задается достаточно малой, что позволяет пренебречь их воздействием на поток; поверхностная волна считается заданной, неизменяющейся под действием капель и ветра. Численная модель основана на решении трехмерных, отфильтрованных по подсеточным флуктуациям уравнений движения воздушной фазы в эйлеровой формулировке и лагранжевых уравнений движения отдельных капель. Для замыкания подсеточных напряжений в уравнении для скорости воздуха используется концепция турбулентной вязкости, где кинетическая энергия неразрешаемых расчетной сеткой пульсаций определяется решением прогностического уравнения. Проведена верификация модели сравнением с результатами прямого численного интегрирования полных уравнений динамики воздушной и дисперсной фаз. Получены фазово-осредненные профили скорости, потока импульса воздуха и концентрации капель для различных значений числа Рейнольдса несущего потока (до 10<sup>5</sup>) и сценариев инжекции капель в поток.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>waved water surface</kwd><kwd>air flow</kwd><kwd>droplets</kwd><kwd>large-eddy and direct numerical simulation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>взволнованная водная поверхность</kwd><kwd>воздушный поток</kwd><kwd>капли</kwd><kwd>вихреразрешающее и прямое численное моделирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский Научный Фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-27-00216</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке проекта РНФ № 24-27-00216.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Белоцерковский О.М. Численное моделирование в механике сплошных сред. М.: Наука, 1984. 520 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Глазунов А.В. Вихреразрешающее моделирование турбулентности с использованием смешанного динамического локализованного замыкания. Часть I. Формулировка, задачи, описание модели и диагностические численные тесты // Изв. РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2009. Т. 45. № 1. С. 7–28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Филлипс О.М. Динамика верхнего слоя океана. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1980. 319 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Andreas E.L., Jones K.F., Fairall C.W. Production velocity of sea spray droplets // J. Geophys. Res . 2010. V. 115. C12065. doi:10.1029/2010JC006458.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Andreas E.L., Mahrt L., Vickers D. An improved bulk air–sea surface flux algorithm, including spray-mediated transfer // Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 2015. V. 141. P. 642–654. DOI:10.1002/qj.2424</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bortkovskii R.S. Air-sea exchange of heat and moisture during storms. Dodrecht: D. Reidel. 1987. 206 pp. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-0687-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Druzhinin O.A. On Droplet-Mediated Sensible and Latent Heat Transfer in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer: “Polar Low” Versus “Tropical Cyclone” Conditions // Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 2021. V. 178. P. 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00557-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Druzhinin O.A., Troitskaya Yu.I., Zilitinkevich S.S. The study of droplet-laden turbulent air-flow over waved water surface by direct numerical simulation // J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 2017. V. 122. P. 1789–1807.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Edson J.B., Fairall C.W. Spray droplet modeling. 1. Lagrangian model simulation of the turbulent transport of evaporating droplets // J. Geophys. Res. 1994. V. 99 (C12). P. 25295–25311.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Gent P.R., Taylor P.A. A numerical model of the air flow above water waves // J. Fluid Mech. 1976. V. 77. P. 105–128.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Fletcher C.A.J. Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics. 2nd ed. Springer, 1991. P. 493.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Michałek W.R., Kuerten J.G.M., Zeegers J.C.H., Liew R., Pozorski J., Geurts B.J. A hybrid stochastic-deconvolution model for large-eddy simulation of particle-laden flow // Physics of Fluids. 2013. V. 25. P. 123302. doi: 10.1063/1.4849536</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Mueller J.A., Veron F. Impact of sea spray on air–sea fluxes. Part I: Results from Stochastic Simulations of Sea Spray Drops over the Ocean // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2014. V. 44. P. 2817–2834. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-13-0245.1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Peng T., Richter D. Sea spray and its feedback effects: assessing bulk algorithms of air–sea heat fluxes via direct numerical simulations // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2019. V. 49. P. 1403–1421. doi: 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0193.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Piomelli U., Balaras E. Wall-layer models for large-eddy simulations // Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2002. V. 34. P. 349–374.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Pozorski J., Apte S.V. Filtered particle tracking in isotropic turbulence and stochastic modeling of subgrid-scale dispersion // Int. J. Multiphase Flow. 2009. V. 35. No. 2. P. 118–128.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Richter D.H., Dempsey A.E., Sullivan P.P. Turbulent transport of spray droplets in the vicinity of moving surface waves // J. Phys. Oceanogr. 2019. V. 49. P. 1789–1807. https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-19-0003.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Robinson S.K. Coherent motions in the turbulent boundary layer // Annu. Rev.Fluid Mech. 1991. V. 23. P. 601–639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.23.010191.003125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Thorpe S.A. Dynamical processes of transfer at the sea surface // Progress in Oceanography. 1995. V. 35. P. 315–352.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Troitskaya Y.I., Ezhova E.V., Soustova I.A., Zilitinkevich S.S. On the effect of sea spray on the aerodynamic surface drag under severe winds // Ocean Dynamics. 2016. V. 66. P. 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-0948-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Troitskaya Yu., Kandaurov A., Ermakova O., Kozlov D., Sergeev D., Zilitinkevich S. Bag-breakup fragmentation as the dominant mechanism of sea-spray production in high winds // Scientific Reports. 2017. V.7. P. 1614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01673-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Troitskaya Yu., Kandaurov A., Ermakova O., Kozlov D., Zotova A., Sergeev D. The Small-Scale Instability of the Air–Water Interface Responsible for the Bag-Breakup Fragmentation // J. Phys. Oceanography. 2023. V. 52. P. 493–517. DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-21-0192.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Sullivan P.P., Edson J.B., Hristov T., McWilliams J.C. Large eddy simulations and observations of atmospheric marine boundary layers above nonequilibrium surface waves //J. Atmos. Sci. 2008. V. 65. P. 1225–1245. doi:10.1175/2007JAS2427.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Wells M.R., Stock D.E. The effect of crossing trajectories on the dispersion of particles in a turbulent flow // J. Fluid Mech. 1983. V. 136. P. 31–62.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Zeng X., Zhao M., Dickinson R.E. Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data // J. Clim. 1998. V. 11. P. 2628–2644.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
