<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Известия РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0002-3515</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6487</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">682935</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0002351525010034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HFEFSW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The “nuclear winter” theory development in the works of G.S. Golitsyn and his colleagues in the 80s of the XX century</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Развитие теории «ядерной зимы» в работах Г.С. Голицына и его коллег в 80-е годы XX века</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ginzburg</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гинзбург</surname><given-names>Александр Самуилович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gin@ifaran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики атмосферы им. А.М. Обухова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-01-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-05"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0002-3515/article/view/682935">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0002-3515/article/view/682935</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents the author's version of the history of research on the hypothesis of a “nuclear winter” – a catastrophic change in the Earth's climate in the case of large-scale use of nuclear weapons and the key role of academician G.S. Golitsyn in these studies. Special attention is paid to the emergence of the “nuclear winter” hypothesis prehistory and the scientific breakthrough of the 80s of the XX century, when scientists from the USSR, the USA and other countries tried to comprehend the theoretical possibility of a sharp cooling in most of the Earth's land as a result of massive fires of nuclear war and find natural analogues at many scientific meetings and in many scientific and popular publications related to such a “man-made” climate disaster.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье представлена авторская версия истории исследований гипотезы «ядерной зимы» – катастрофического изменения климата Земли в случае крупномасштабного использования ядерного оружия и ключевой роли академика Г.С. Голицына в этих исследованиях. Особое внимание уделено предыстории возникновения гипотезы «ядерной зимы» и научному прорыву 80-х гг. XX в., когда ученые СССР, США и других стран на многих научных встречах и во множестве научных и популярных публикаций старались осмыслить теоретическую возможность резкого похолодания на большей части земной суши в результате массовых пожаров ядерной войны и найти природные аналоги такой «рукотворной» климатической катастрофы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nuclear threat</kwd><kwd>nuclear war fires and smoke</kwd><kwd>«nuclear winter»</kwd><kwd>climate models</kwd><kwd>natural analogues</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ядерное оружие</kwd><kwd>дым пожаров ядерной войны</kwd><kwd>«ядерная зима»</kwd><kwd>климатические модели</kwd><kwd>природные аналоги</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of RF</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Александров В.В., Архипов П.Л., Пархоменко В.П., Стенчиков Г.Л. Глобальная модель системы океан – атмосфера и исследование ее чувствительности к изменению концентрации СО2 // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1983. Т. 19. № 5. С. 451–458.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Александров В.В., Стенчиков Г.Л. Об одном вычислительном эксперименте, моделирующем климатические последствия ядерной войны // Журнал вычислительной математики и математической физике. 1984. Т. 24б. С. 140–144.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Александров В.В., Стенчиков Г.Л. Численная оценка влияния современного тропосферного аэрозоля на климат // Докл. АН СССР. 1985. Т. 282. № 6. С. 1324–1326.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Александров Г.А., Арманд А.Д., Свирежев Ю.М., Тарко А.М. и др. Математические модели экосистем. Экологические и демографические последствия ядерной войны / Под ред. А.А. Дородницына. М.: Наука, 1986. 176 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Андронова А.В. Костина Е.М. Кутов А.С., Минашкин В.М., Пирогов С.М., Обвинцев Ю.И. Оптические и микрофизические свойства аэрозолей, полученных при горении различных материалов // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 235–243.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Андронова А.В., Шукуров А.Х., Шукурова Л.М. О спектральном пропускании излучения пробами аэрозоля продуктов горения в диапазоне 2-20 мкм // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 290–295.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Аникин П.П., Шукуров А.Х. Спектральное ослабление излучения дымовым аэрозолем. // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 244–249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Бреннинкмайер К.А.М., Гинзбург А.С., Еланский Н.Ф., Мохов И.И. Двойной портрет: вклад Г.С. Голицына и П.Й. Крутцена в исследование физики и химии атмосферы // Изв. РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2021. Т. 57. № 1. С. 3–20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Будыко М.И. Аэрозольные климатические катастрофы // Природа. 1985. № 6. С. 30–38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Будыко М.И., Голицын Г.С., Израэль Ю.А. Глобальные климатические катастрофы / М.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1986. 160 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Вельтищев Н.Н., Гинзбург А.С., Голицын Г.С. Климатические эффекты массовых пожаров // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 296–304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Всеобъемлющее исследование, касающееся ядерного оружия: доклад Генерального секретаря ООН / Нью-Йорк: Организация Объединенных Наций. 1981. 220 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С. О радиационном режиме поверхности и запыленной атмосферы Марса // Докл. АН СССР. 1973. Т. 208. № 2. С. 295–298.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С. Разноцветные планеты, хвост кометы и «ядерная зима» // Изв. РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана. 2018. Т. 54. № 3. С. 310–320.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С. Планета Земля в «послеядерную» эпоху / М.: Наука, 1988. 104 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С. Метеорологическая дальность видимости при больших аэрозольных выбросах // Оптика атмосферы. 1989. Т. 2. № 3. C. 253–268.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С., Голицын Г.С. Сравнительный анализ массовых природных и «ядерных» пожаров // Докл. на II Всесоюз. конф. ученых по проблемам мира и предотвращения ядерной войны. Москва, 27–29 мая 1986 г. 10 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С., Самойловская Н.А. Гипотеза «ядерной зимы» и ответственная политика в ядерной сфере // Международная аналитика. 2023. Т. 14. № 4. С. 149–160. https://doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2023-14-4-149-160</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С. Соколик И.Н. Пропускание и отражение света однородным слоем поглощающего аэрозоля // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1989. Т. 25. № 9. С. 954–959.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Гинзбург А.С., Фейгельсон Е.М. Некоторые закономерности лучистого теплообмена в планетных атмосферах // Изв. АН СССР. ФАО. 1971. Т. 7. № 4. С. 377–384.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г.С. Последствия ядерной войны для атмосферы // Природа. 1985. № 6. С. 22–29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г.С. Советские исследования атмосферных последствий ядерной войны для атмосферы // Сборник статей «Достижения в области гидрометеорологии и контроля природной среды». Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1987. С. 183–200.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г.С., Гинзбург А.С. Природные аналоги ядерной катастрофы. В кн.: Климатические и биологические последствия ядерной войны. М.: Наука, 1986. С. 100–123.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г.С., Гинзбург А.С. Атмосферные последствия ядерной катастрофы: поиск природных аналогов // Кибернетика, ноосфера и проблемы мира. М.: Наука, 1986. С. 47–57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г.С., Шукуров А.X. Температурные эффекты пылевого аэрозоля на примере пыльных бурь Таджикистана // Докл. АН СССР. 1987. Т. 297. № 6. С. 1334–1337.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Голицын Г.С., Шукуров А.Х., Гинзбург А.С., Сутугин А.Г., Андронова А.В. Комплексное исследование микрофизических и оптических свойств дымового аэрозоля // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 227–234.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Губарев В.С. Чаепитие в академии. Академик Г.С. Голицын: волнения моря и земли // Наука и жизнь. 2001. № 3. https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5755/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Демченко П.Ф., Гинзбург А.С. Влияние радиации на вертикальное развитие замутненного слоя атмосферы // Метеорология и гидрология. 1986. № 8. С. 51–57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Доклад Генерального секретаря ООН А/43/351. Ис-следование по проблеме климатических и других глобальных последствий ядерной войны. 1988. 77 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Исаков А.А., Лукшин В.В., Свириденков М.А. Спектронефелометрические исследования дымовых аэрозолей // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 258–261.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Капустин В.Н., Корнеев А.А. Исследование процессов агрегатообразования и оптических проявлений несферичности частиц различных дымов // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 280–289.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Климатические последствия возможного ядерного конфликта и некоторые природные аналоги (научное исследование Комитета советских ученых в защиту мира, против ядерной угрозы, авторы Голицын Г.С. и Гинзбург А.С.) / Препринт. М.: ИФА АН СССР. 1983. 24 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Кондратьев К.Я., Байбаков С.Н., Никольский Г.А. Ядерная война, атмосфера и климат // Наука в СССР. 1985. №№ 2 и 3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Кондратьев К.Я., Никольский Г.А. Возможные экологические последствия ядерного конфликта для атмосферы и климата: Обзор / Прогр. ООН по окружающей среде (ЮНЕП), Комис. СССР по делам ЮНЕП. М.: Центр междунар. проектов ГКНТ, 1986. 48 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Лукшин В.В., Исаков А.А. Оптические характеристики дымовых аэрозолей // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 250–257.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Моисеев Н.Н., Александров В.В., Тарко А.М. Человек и биосфера. Опыт системного анализа и эксперименты с моделями. М.: Наука, 1985. 272 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Моисеев Н.Н. Как далеко до завтрашнего дня... Свободные размышления. 1917–1993. М.: URSS, 1994. 304 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Обухов А.М., Голицын Г.С. Возможные атмосферные последствия ядерного конфликта // Вест. АН СССР. 1983. № 9. С. 57–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Обухов А.М., Голицын Г.С. Возможные атмосферные последствия ядерного конфликта // Земля и Вселенная. 1983. № 6. С. 4–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Обухов А.М., Голицын Г.С. Ядерная война: воздействие на атмосферу. В кн.: Мир и разоружение. М.: Наука, 1984. С. 92–102.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Последствия ядерной войны: Физические и атмосферные эффекты. М.: Мир, 1988. 392 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Софронов М.А., Вакуров А.Д. Огонь в лесу. Новосибирск: Наука, 1981. 124 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Сидоров В.Н. Свойства дымовых аэрозолей по данным измерения матриц рассеяния света // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 262–273.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Соколик И.Н. Интерпретация измерений оптических характеристик дымового аэрозоля // Изв. АН СССР. Физика атмосферы и океана. 1988. Т. 24. № 3. С. 274–279.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Стенчиков Г.Л. Климатические последствия ядерной войны: Выбросы и распространение оптически активных примесей в атмосфере // Сообщения по прикладной математике. М.: ВЦ АН СССР, 1985. 34 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Стенчиков Г.Л. Численное моделирование ядерной зимы с учетом распространения аэрозоля // Докл. АН СССР. 1986. Т. 287. № 3. С. 598–602.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Шостакович В.Б. Лесные пожары в Сибири в 1915 г. // Изв. Восточно-Сибирского отд. Российского географич. общества. 1924. Т. 47. С. 1–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Alexandrov V.V., Stenchikov G.L. On the modelling of the climatic consequences of the nuclear war // Proceeding on applied mathematics. Computing center of AS USSR. 1983. 21 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Batten E.S. The Effects of Nuclear War on the Weather and Climate / USA. RAND Corp. RM-4989. 1966.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Barton I., Paltridge G.W. Twilight at noon overstated // Ambio. 1984. V. 13. № 1. P. 49–51. Reply by Crutzen P.J. Darkness after a nuclear war / Ibid. P. 52–54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Bing G. Estimates of total combustible material in NATO and Warsaw Pact Countries / Lawerence Livermore National Laboratory Report UCRL-93192. 1985. USA. Livermore.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Bolin B., Degens E.T., Kempe S. &amp; Ketner P. (eds.) The Global Carbon Cycle. SCOPE Report 13. New Jersey: J. Wiley &amp; Sons, 1979. 491 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Bull G.A. Blue sun and moon // Meleorol. Mag. 1951. V. 80. P. 1–4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Cess R.D. Nuclear war: Illustrative effects of atmospheric smoke and dust upon solar radiation // Climalic Change. 1985. V. 7. P. 237–251.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Chandler C.C., Storey T.G., Tangren C.D. Prediction of fire spread following nuclear explosions // Research paper PSW-5. 1963. Berkeley. California. 110 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Cotton W.R. Atmospheric convection and nuclear winter // Amer. Scientist. 1985. V. 73. P. 275–280.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Covey C., Schneider S.H., Thompson S.L. Global atmospheric effects of massive smoke injections from a nuclear war: results from general circulation model simulation // Nature. 1984. V. 308. P. 21–31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Crutzen P.J. The Influence of Nitrogen Oxides on the Atmospheric Ozone Content // QJRMS. 1970. V. 96. P. 320–325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Crutzen P.J. Ozone Production Rates in an Oxygen-Hydrogen-Nitrogen Oxide Atmosphere // JGR. 1971. V. 76. P. 7311.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Crutzen P.J. SST's – a threat to the earth's ozone shield // Ambio. 1972. V. 1. P. 41–51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Crutzen P.J., Birks J. The Atmosphere After a Nuclear War: Twilight at noon // Ambio. 1982. V. 11. № 2–3. P. 114–125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Crutzen P.J., Galbally I.E., Bruh C. Atmospheric effects from postnuclear fires. Climatic Change. 1984. V. 6. P. 323–364.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Ehrlich P.R. et al. The Cold and the Dark: The World After Nuclear War // Sidgwick &amp; Jackson. 1984. 229 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Federation of American Scientist Effects of Nuclear War // J. Federation of American Scientist. 1981. V. 36. No 3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Fishman J., Ramanatan V., Crutzen P.J.,Liu S.C. Tropospheric ozone and climate // Nature. 1979. V. 282. P. 818.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Foley H.M., Ruderman M.A. Stratospheric NOx production from past nuclear explosions // J. Geophys. Res. 1973. V. 78. P. 4441–4450.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Ghan S.J., MacCracken M.C., Walton J.J. Climatic response to large atmospheric smoke injections: Sensitivity studies with a tropospheric general circulation model // J. Geophys. Res. 1988.V 93. P. 8315–8337.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Ginzburg A.S. Climate and atmospheric consequences of nuclear war // Ambio. 1989. V. 18. № 7. P. 384–390.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Ginzburg A. Atmospheric and climate effects of nuclear war. In: Proceedings of Europhysics Study Conference on Inducted Critical Conditions in the Atmosphere. Torino, Italy, September 1989. World Scientific. P. 59–71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Ginsburg A.S., Golitsyn G.S., Vasiliev A.A. Global consequences of a nuclear war: A review of recent Soviet studies // SIPRI Yearbook. 1985. P. 197–225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Ginzburg A.S., Samoylovskaya N.A. The “Nuclear Winter” Hypothesis and a Responsible Nuclear Policy // Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331624010015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Glasstone S., Dolan P. The Effects of Nuclear Weapons / US Department of Defense and US Energy Research and Development Administration. 1977. 693 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Global Atmospheric Consequences of Nuclear War / Report U122878. R&amp;D Associates, Marina del Rey, CA, March 1983. 140 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G.S. On the Martian dust storms // Icarus. 1973. V. 18. № 7. P. 113–119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G.S. New development from the USSR // Environment. 1986. V. 28. № 8. P. 6 and 44.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G.S., Ginsburg A.S. Comparative estimates of climatic consequences of Martian dust storms and a possible nuclear war // Tellus. 1985. V. 37B. № 3. P. 173–181.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G., Ginsburg A. Natural analogs of a nuclear catastrophe // The night after…Climatic and biological consequences of a nuclear war. M.: Mir Publishers, 1985. P. 83–98</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G.S., Ginsburg A.S. Reply to G. Visconti // Tellus, 1986. V. 38B. № 3–4. P. 302–304.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G.S., MacCracken M.C. Atmospheric and climatic consequences of a major nuclear war: Results of recent research / WCPP-142. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization, 1987. 25 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Golitsyn G.S., Philips N.A. Possible climate consequences of a major nuclear war. Report to XXXVII WMO Executive Council. WCP-113. 1985. 54 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Gostintsev Yu.A., Solodovnik A.F., Vel’tishchev N.N., Ginzburg A.S., Golitsyn G.S. Production, vertical distribution and climatic effect of soot from nuclear war blasts / Second All-Union Conference of Scientists on Problems of Peace and Prevention of Nuclear War. Moscow. 1986. 14 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Haberle R.M., Ackerman T.P., Toon O.R., Hollingsworth J. L. Global transport of atmospheric smoke following a major nuclear exchange. Ceophys. Res. Let. 1985. V. 12. P. 405–408.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Hampson J. Photochemical war on the atmosphere. Nature. 1974. V. 250. P. 189–191.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Hansen J., Johnson D., Lacis A. et al. Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide // Science. 1981. V. 213. P. 957–966.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Hobbs. P.V., Radke. L.F., Hegg D.A. Some aerosol and cloud physics aspects of the "Nuclear Winter" scenario. ICSU-SCOPE Workshop on "Nuclear Winter", Supplemental Volume, Proceedings of 9th International Cloud Physics Conference. Tallinn. Estonia. USSR. 1984. P. 231–228.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/nuclear</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston H.S. Expected short-term local effect of nuclear bombs on stratospheric ozone // Geophys. Res. 1977. V. 82. P. 3119–3124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston H.S., Whitten G., Birks J. Effect of nuclear explosions on stratospheric nitric oxide and ozone // J. Geoph. Res. 1973. V. 78. P. 6107–6135.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Kunkle T., Ristvet В. January 2013. Castle bravo: Fifty years of legend and lore (PDF), Wikidata Q63070323.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Kondratyev K.Ya., Ivanov V.A., Pozdniakov D.V., Prokofyev M.A. Natural and anthropogenic aerosols: a comparative analysis / The SCOPE ENUWAR Seminar on the impact of nuclear war on climate. Leningrad. 1984 May 14–16. P. 28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Kondratyev K.Ya., Grigoryev A.A. Global transport of natural and anthropogenic aerosols / The SCOPE ENUWAR Seminar on the impact of nuclear war on climate. Leningrad, 1984. May 14–16. P. 18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Kondratyev K.Ya., Nikolsky G.A. A survey of possible impact of nuclear conflict on the atmosphere and climate/ The SCOPE ENUWAR Seminar on the impact of nuclear war on climate. Leningrad, 1984. May 14–16. P. 65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Lilejian N.M. Effects of Superweapons Upon the Climate of the World. A Preliminary Study // ARDC report. 1952a. C2-22190. NV0400453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Lilejian N.M. Effects of Superweapons Upon the Climate of the World. A Second Study // 1952b.ARDC report. C2-38529. NV0400454</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Lyman H. Smoke from Minnesota forest fires // Monthly Weather Review. 1919. V. 46. P. 506–509.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>MacCracken M.C. Nuclear War, Preliminary Estimates of the Climatic Effects of a Nuclear Exchange // Third International Seminar on Nuclear War. 1983. Erice, Sicily. 23 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>MacCraken M., Golitsyn G. Atmospheric and climatic consequences of nuclear war: results of recent research / WCP-140. WMO. Geneva. 1988. 60 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Malone R.C. et al. Nuclear winter: Three-dimensional simulations including interactive transport, scavenging, and solar heating of smoke // J. Geophys. Res., 1986 V. 91. P. 1039–1054.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>National Research Council Long-Term Worldwide Effects of Multiple Nuclear-Weapons Detonations. 1975. Washington, D.C. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/20139</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Nelson J. Fractality of sooty smoke: Implications for the severity of nuclear winter // Nature. 1989. V. 339. P. 611– 613.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Obukhov A. The Earth’s atmosphere: Catastrophe after a nuclear strike / The night after…Climatic and biological consequences of a nuclear war. M.: Mir Publishers, 1985. P. 145–147.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Office of Technology Assessment (ODA) of the Congress of the United States. The Effects of Nuclear War. Washington DC. 1979. 151 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Penner J. Uncertainties in the smoke source term for ‘nuclear winter’ studies // Nature. 1986. V. 324. P. 222–226.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Pittock A.B., Walsh K., Frederiksen J.S. General circulation model simulation of mild nuclear winter effects // Clim. Dyn. 1989. V. 3. P. 191–206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Plummer F.G. Forest Fires // US Department Agriculture Forest Service Bulletin. 1912. V. 117. P. 15–22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Pollack J.В., Toon O.B., Ackerman Т.R., Mckay G.P., Turco R.P. Environmental effects of an impact generated dust clouds implications for the Cretacious-Tertiary extinctions // Science. 1983. V. 219. P. 287–289.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Ramaswamy V., Kiehl J.T. Sensitivity of the Radioactive Forcing Due to Large Loadings of Smoke and Dust Aerosols // J. Geophys. Res. 1985. V. 90. P. 5597–5613.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>Reinsel G.C. Analysis of total ozone date for the detection of recent trends and the effects of nuclear testing during the 1960’s // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1981. V. 8. № 12. P. 1227–1230.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Robock A. Snow and ice feedbacks for prolonged effects of nuclear winter // Nature. 1984. V. 310. P. 667–670.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><label>111.</label><mixed-citation>Robock A., Zambri B. Did Smoke from City Fires in World War II Cause Global Cooling? // Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. V. 123. № 18. P. 10314–10325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><label>112.</label><mixed-citation>Sagan C., Ehrlich P.R., Kennedy D., Roberts W.O. The Cold and the Dark: The World After Nuclear War / W.W. Norton &amp; Co. 1984. NY. USA. 229 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><label>113.</label><mixed-citation>SCOPE 28: Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War. V. 1. Physical and Atmospheric Effects / Eds.: Pittock A.B., Ackerman T.P., Crutzen P.J., MacCracken M.C., Shapiro C.S., Turco R.P. Wiley. UK. 1985. 350 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><label>114.</label><mixed-citation>SCOPE 28: Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War. V. 1. Physical and Atmospheric Effects. Second Edition / Eds.: Pittock A.B., Ackerman T.P., Crutzen P.J., MacCracken M.C., Shapiro C.S., Turco R.P. Wiley. UK. 1989. 360 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><label>115.</label><mixed-citation>Schneider S.H., Thompson S.L. Simulating the climatic effects of nuclear war // Nature. 1988. V. 333. P. 221–227.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><label>116.</label><mixed-citation>Seiler W., Crutzen P.J. Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between biosphere and atmosphere from biomass burning // Climatic change. 1980. V. 2. P. 207–247.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><label>117.</label><mixed-citation>Shostakovitch V.B. Forest conflagrations in Siberia with special reference to the fires of 1915 // J. Forestry. 1925. V. 23. № 4. P. 365–374.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><label>118.</label><mixed-citation>Smith C.D. Jr. The destructive storm of November 25–27, 1950 // Monthly Weather Review. 1950. V. 78. P. 204–209.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><label>119.</label><mixed-citation>Small R.D., Bush B.W. Smoke production from multiple nuclear explosions in non-urban areas // Science. 1985. V. 229. P. 465–469.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><label>120.</label><mixed-citation>Stenchikov G.L., Carl P. Climate consequences of nuclear war: sensitivity against large-scale inhomogeneities in the initial atmospheric pollutions // GDR Academy of sciences. Berlin. 1985. 96 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><label>121.</label><mixed-citation>Stenchikov G., Carl P. First acute phase stress matrix calculations using the CCAS tropospheric general circulation model // SCOPE – ENUWAR Moscow Workshop, 1988.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><label>122.</label><mixed-citation>Stenke A., Hoyle C.R., Luo B., Rozanov E., Gröbner J., Maag L., Brönnimann S., Peter T. Climate and chemistry effects of a regional scale nuclear conflict // Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013. V. 13. P. 9713–9729. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9713-2013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B123"><label>123.</label><mixed-citation>Teller E. Widespread after-effects of nuclear war // Nature. 1984. V. 310. P. 621–624.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B124"><label>124.</label><mixed-citation>Thompson S.L. Global interactive transport simulations of nuclear war smoke // Nature. 1985. V. 317. P. 35–39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B125"><label>125.</label><mixed-citation>Thompson S.L., Alexandrov V.V., Stenchikov G.L. et al. Global climate consequences of nuclear war: calculations with three-dimensional models // Ambio. 1984. V. 13. № 1. P. 236–243.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B126"><label>126.</label><mixed-citation>Toon O.B., Pollack J.B., Ackerman T.P. et al. Evolution of an impact-generated dust cloud and its effects on the atmosphere // Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 1982. № 190. P. 187–200.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B127"><label>127.</label><mixed-citation>Turco R.P., Golitsyn G.S. Global Effects of Nuclear War // Environment. 1988. V. 30. № 5. P. 8–16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B128"><label>128.</label><mixed-citation>Turco R.P., Toon O.B., Pollack J.B., Sagan C. Consequences of nuclear «warfare» // EOS. Transactions American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Abstracts. 1982. V. 63. № 45. P. 1018.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B129"><label>129.</label><mixed-citation>Turco R.P., Toon O.B., Ackerman T.P., Pollack J.B., Sagan C. (TTAPS) Nuclear winter: Global consequences of multiple nuclear explosions // Science. 1983a.V. 222. P. 1283–1292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B130"><label>130.</label><mixed-citation>Turco R.P., Toon O.B., Ackerman T.P., Pollack J.B., Sagan C. (TTAPS) Global Atmospheric Consequences of Nuclear War / Rep. U 122878. R&amp;D Associates, Marina del Rey, CA, March 1983b. 144 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B131"><label>131.</label><mixed-citation>Turco R.P., Toon O.B., Ackerman T.P., Pollack J.B., Sagan C. (TTAPS) Climate and smoke: an appraisal of nuclear winter // Science. 1990. V. 247. P. 166–176.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B132"><label>132.</label><mixed-citation>Turco R.P., Toon O.B., Ackerman T.P., Pollack J.B., Sagan C. (TTAPS) Nuclear Winter: Physics and Physical Mechanisms // Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 1991. V. 19. P. 383–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.19.050191.002123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B133"><label>133.</label><mixed-citation>United Nations Secretary General Effects of the possible use of nuclear weapons and the security and economic implications for states of the acquisition and further development of these weapons / PRISM: Political &amp; Rights Issues &amp; Social Movements. 1968. 694 p. (https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/694).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B134"><label>134.</label><mixed-citation>Ward D.E., MacMahon E.K., Johansen R.W. An update on particulate emissions from forest fires // Transactions of the 69th annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association. 1976. 15 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B135"><label>135.</label><mixed-citation>Wexler H. The Great Smoke Pall — September 24–30, 1950 // Weatherwise, 1950. № 6. P. 129–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1950.9927067</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B136"><label>136.</label><mixed-citation>Whitten R.C., Borucki W.J., Turco R.P. Possible ozone depletions following nuclear explosions // Nature. 1976. V. 257. P. 38–39.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
