Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic PhysicsIzvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic PhysicsИзвестия РАН. Физика атмосферы и океана0002-35153034-6487The Russian Academy of Sciences69899810.7868/S3034648725040092ArticlesСтатьиResearch ArticleMETHANE EMISSIONS FROM LAKES AND RESERVOIRS: UNCERTAINTIES DUE TO FORMATION AND BREAK-UP OF THE ICE COVERЭМИССИЯ МЕТАНА ИЗ ОЗЕР И ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩ: НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ, СВЯЗАННЫЕ С ФОРМИРОВАНИЕМ И РАЗРУШЕНИЕМ ЛЕДЯНОГО ПОКРОВАUstinovN. B.УстиновН. Б.AgafonovaS. A.АгафоноваС. А.sv_ice@list.ruKazantsevV. S.КазанцевВ. С.Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RASИнститут физики атмосферы им. А.М. Обухова РАНLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносоваru150820252025614VOL 61, NO4 (2025)ТОМ 61, №4 (2025)53855221122025Received:21122025Published:15082025Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук2025Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0https://journals.eco-vector.com/0002-3515/article/view/698998

In terms of contribution to global warming, methane is the second most potent greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. Freshwater bodies (lakes and reservoirs), being the most significant source of methane on a global scale, are distributed over the Earth’s surface in such a way that bulk of them is covered with ice for several months of the year. During the freeze-up, the water column is getting isolated from the atmosphere so that methane emissions cease or become restricted to open holes and cracks in the ice cover. Methane accumulated both under ice and within ice-trapped gas bubbles is released at spring ice melt. This review article examines in detail the ways of methane release from the bottom of seasonally ice-covered lakes and reservoirs, the mechanisms of methane accumulation in their water column and ice cover as well as under-ice processes facilitating and impeding such an accumulation. Factors controlling methane emissions at spring ice melt and current approaches for estimating the magnitude of these emissions are also discussed. The data systematized in the article can be used for: 1) planning field studies on seasonally ice-covered water bodies throughout winter/spring period; 2) development of process-oriented models that take into account the influence of ice cover on the spatiotemporal carbon dynamics of freshwater ecosystems and methane emissions from these ecosystems.

Среди парниковых газов земной атмосферы метан занимает второе место после углекислого газа по величине вклада в глобальное потепление климата. Пресноводные водоемы (озера и водохранилища), будучи наиболее значимым источником метана в планетарном масштабе, распределены по поверхности суши таким образом, что большая их часть на несколько месяцев в году покрывается льдом. В период ледостава водная толща полностью или частично изолируется от атмосферы, что приводит к прекращению эмиссий метана либо к их локализации в местах формирования незамерзающих пропарин в ледяном покрове. Метан, накопленный подо льдом в растворенном виде и в газовых включениях в ледяном покрове, высвобождается из водоемов при весеннем разрушении льда (так называемый весенний выброс). В данной обзорной статье подробно рассматриваются пути выделения метана со дна замерзающих озер и водохранилищ, механизмы его концентрирования в водной толще и в формирующемся ледяном покрове, а также сопутствующие и препятствующие такому концентрированию подледные процессы и ледовые структуры. Также обсуждаются факторы, влияющие на интенсивность весеннего выброса метана, и актуальные подходы к частичным и интегральным оценкам этого выброса. Систематизированные в статье данные могут использоваться как при планировании полевых кампаний на замерзающих водоемах в зимне-весенний период, так и при разработке процесс-ориентированных моделей, учитывающих влияние ледяного покрова на пространственно-временную динамику углерода в пресноводных экосистемах и на эмиссии метана из таких экосистем.

greenhouse gasescarbon cyclemethane emissionsthermokarst lakesice coverпарниковые газыцикл углеродаэмиссия метанатермокарстовые озераледяной покров водоемовОбзор исследований о механизмах накопления метана в воде и ледяном покрове в зимний период выполнен в рамках госзадания ИФА РАН 1024100700065-0-1.5.10 «Мониторинг и анализ динамики эмиссии климатически-активных газов из наземных и пресноводных экосистем арктической зоны России» (FMWR-2025-0011); обзор методических вопросов оценки весеннего выброса – в рамках реализации Важнейшего инновационного проекта государственного значения «Разработка системы наземного и дистанционного мониторинга пулов углерода и потоков парниковых газов на территории Российской Федерации, обеспечение создания системы учета данных о потоках климатически активных веществ и бюджете углерода в лесах и других наземных экологических системах».Бородай Н.И. Материалы к изучению строения ледяного покрова Байкала // Труды Байкальской лимнологической станции. Т. IX. 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