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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Astronomy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Astronomy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Астрономический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0004-6299</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">647556</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0004629923090025</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UTBZEW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">X-RAY ASTRONOMY AND CLOSE BINARY SYSTEMS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рентгеновская астрономия и тесные двойные звезды</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherepashchuk</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черепащук</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>astrep@pleiadesonline.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова, 
Государственный астрономический институт им. П.К. Штернберга</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>748</fpage><lpage>760</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-28"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, А.М. Черепащук</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, А.М. Черепащук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">А.М. Черепащук</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">А.М. Черепащук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0004-6299/article/view/647556">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0004-6299/article/view/647556</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45257551675184">The discovery in 1962 of the compact source Sco X-1, the first X-ray source located outside the Solar System, marked a new (“golden”) era in the study of close binary systems (CBS). Accreting neutron stars and first black hole candidates in close binary systems were discovered. The ability to “weigh” neutron stars and black holes in close binary systems made it possible to distinguish accreting black holes from neutron stars. The theory of accretion onto relativistic objects in close binary systems has been developed, as well as the theory of the evolution of close binary systems with mass exchange up to the latest stages, including binary black holes and neutron stars. Close binary systems have become the cutting edge of astrophysics. Subsequent observations of gravitation waves and observations on the EHT intercontinental radio interferometer with an angular resolution of ~10<sup>–5</sup> arcsec made it possible to finally prove the existence of black holes in the Universe. Thus, the modern triumph of black holes has largely been due to the development of the science of close binary systems. The paper is based on a talk presented at the astrophysical memorial seminar “Novelties in Understanding the Evolution of Binary Stars”, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Professor M.A. Svechnikov.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45257551673632">Открытие в 1962 г. компактного источника Sco X-1 – первого рентгеновского источника, расположенного за пределами Солнечной системы, ознаменовало новую (“золотую”) эру в исследованиях тесных двойных систем (ТДС). Были открыты аккрецирующие нейтронные звезды и первые кандидаты в черные дыры в ТДС. Возможность “взвешивать” нейтронные звезды и черные дыры в ТДС позволила отличать аккрецирующие черные дыры от нейтронных звезд. Развилась теория аккреции вещества на релятивистские объекты в ТДС, а также теория эволюции ТДС с обменом масс вплоть до самых поздних стадий, включая двойные черные дыры и нейтронные звезды. Тесные двойные системы стали передним фронтом астрофизики. Последующие гравитационно-волновые наблюдения и наблюдения на межконтинентальном радиоинтерферометре ЕНТ с угловым разрешением ~10<sup>–5</sup> сек позволили окончательно доказать существование черных дыр во Вселенной. Таким образом, современный триумф черных дыр в значительной степени был обеспечен развитием науки о тесных двойных системах. Статья основана на докладе, сделанном на астрофизическом мемориальном семинаре “Новое в понимании эволюции двойных звезд”, приуроченном к 90-летию профессора М.А. 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