<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Astronomy Reports</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Astronomy Reports</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Астрономический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0004-6299</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5170</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">647674</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0004629924080086</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ISYBFC</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Non-thermal processes of nitrogen oxide formation during precipitation of auroral electrons into the upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нетепловые процессы образования окиси азота при высыпании авроральных электронов в верхние атмосферы планет земного типа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shematovich</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шематович</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shematov@inasan.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bisikalo</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бисикало</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shematov@inasan.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsurikov</surname><given-names>G. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цуриков</surname><given-names>Г. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shematov@inasan.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhilkin</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жилкин</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shematov@inasan.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт астрономии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Center of Physics and Mathematics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный центр физики и математики</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>8</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>770</fpage><lpage>794</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-28"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, The Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0004-6299/article/view/647674">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0004-6299/article/view/647674</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Nitric oxide is a potential biomarker in the N <sub>2 </sub>-O <sub>2 </sub>atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets, which can be detected by space missions, including the planned launch of the Russian Spektr-UF observatory. From observations of the Earth's thermosphere in the polar regions, it is known that important sources of formation of this molecule are the precipitation of high-energy electrons into the planet's atmosphere, as well as the non-thermal processes accompanying them. In this paper the non-thermal processes of nitrogen oxide formation in the polar regions of the Earth's upper atmosphere are investigated, as well as the atmospheres of exoplanets located in the potential habitability zone of active stars. For this purpose, a numerical kinetic Monte Carlo model of the interaction of high-energy electrons with atmospheric gas has been developed; a kinetic Monte Carlo model of the interaction of suprathermal N( <sup>4 </sup>S) atoms formed as a result of dissociation of N <sub>2 </sub>molecules by electron impact with the surrounding gas; as well as a model of odd nitrogen chemistry with taking into account the molecular and turbulent diffusion. According to the results of calculations, it is confirmed that the process of dissociation of N <sub>2 </sub>by an electron impact during the interaction of the stellar wind with the atmosphere of the planet is an important source of suprathermal N atoms, which contribute to a significant increase in the non-thermal formation of NO in the N <sub>2 </sub>-O <sub>2 </sub>atmospheres of terrestrial planets (both locally, in the case of a planet's own magnetic field, and throughout the planet's surface, in the case of its absence). Because the column concentration of NO during flares becomes larger, therefore the chances of detecting of nitric oxide biomarker in the atmospheres of the terrestrial-type exoplanets located in the potential habitability zone of active stars are also become larger.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Окись азота является потенциальным биомаркером в N <sub>2 </sub>-O <sub>2 </sub>атмосферах экзопланет земного типа, который можно обнаружить с помощью космических миссий, в том числе с помощью планируемой к запуску российской обсерватории Спектр-УФ. Из наблюдений термосферы Земли в полярных областях известно, что важными источниками формирования данной молекулы являются высокоэнергетические высыпания электронов в атмосферу планеты, а также сопровождающие их нетепловые процессы. В работе исследуются нетепловые процессы образования окиси азота в полярных регионах верхней атмосферы Земли, а также атмосферах экзопланет, находящихся в зоне потенциальной обитаемости у активных звезд. Для этого разработаны численная кинетическая модель Монте-Карло взаимодействия высокоэнергичных электронов с атмосферным газом; кинетическая модель Монте-Карло взаимодействия надтепловых атомов N( <sup>4 </sup>S), образующихся в результате диссоциации молекул N <sub>2 </sub>электронным ударом, с окружающим газом; а также модель химии нечетного азота с молекулярной и турбулентной диффузией. По результатам расчетов подтверждено, что процесс диссоциации N <sub>2 </sub>электронным ударом при взаимодействии звездного ветра с атмосферой планеты является важным источником надтепловых атомов N, которые способствуют значительному увеличению нетеплового образования NO в N <sub>2 </sub>-O <sub>2 </sub>атмосферах планет земного типа (как локально, в случае наличия собственного магнитного поля у планеты, так и по всей поверхности планеты, в случае его отсутствия). Повышение концентрации NO во время вспышек увеличивает наши шансы обнаружить биомаркер NO в атмосферах экзопланет, находящихся в зоне потенциальной обитаемости у активных звезд.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>terrestrial planet</kwd><kwd>auroral events</kwd><kwd>kinetic modeling</kwd><kwd>atmospheric biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экзопланеты земного типа</kwd><kwd>авроральные явления</kwd><kwd>кинетическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>атмосферные биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-12-00364</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>H. Lammer, L. Sproß, J. L. Grenfell, et al., Astrobiology 19, № 7, 927–950 (2019).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>L. Sproß, M. Scherf, V. I. Shematovich, et al., Astronomy Reports 65, 275–296 (2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>C. P. Johnstone, M. Güdel, H. Lammer, K. G. Kislyakova, Astron. and Astrophys. 617, № A107, 36 (2018).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>A. Nakayama, M. Ikoma, N. Terada, Astrophys. J. 937, № 72, 18 (2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>A. Coustenis and F. Taylor Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World (Second Edition: Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, 4, 412, 2008).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>S. D. Domagal-Goldman, A. Segura, M. W. Claire, et al., Astrophys. J. 792, № 90, 15 (2014).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>A. Misra, V. Meadows, M. W. Claire, D. Crisp, Astrobiology 14, № 2, 67–86 (2014).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>E. W. Schwieterman, S. L. Olson, D. Pidhorodetska, C. T. Rein -hard, et al., Astrophys. J. 937, № 109, 22 (2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Г. Н. Цуриков, Д. В. Бисикало, Астрон. Журн. 100, № 2, 144–165 (2023).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Г. Н. Цуриков, Д. В. Бисикало, Астрон. Журн. 100, № 11, 987–1004 (2023).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>C. A. Barth, D. N. Baker, K. D. Mankoff, S. M. Bailey, Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, № A1, 1463–1466 (2001).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>C. A. Barth, K. D. Mankoff, S. M. Bailey, S. C. Solomon, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1027–1038 (2003).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>C. A. Barth, S. C. Bailey, S. C. Solomon, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26, 1251–1254 (1999).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>J. C. Gérard, C. A. Barth, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 674–680 (1977).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>H. Dothe, J. W. Duff, R. H. Sharma, N. B. Wheeler, et al., J. Geophys. Res. 107, № A1, 9 (2002).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>C. Sætre, C. A. Barth, J. Stadsnes, J. Geophys. Res. 112, № A08306, 11 (2007).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>V. I. Shematovich, D. V. Bisikalo, and J. C. Gérard, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1691–1693 (1991).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>V. I. Shematovich, D. V. Bisikalo, and J. C. Gérard, Annales Geophysicae 10, 792–801 (1992).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>J. C. Gérard, V. I. Shematovich, and D. V. Bisikalo, Geophys. Res. Lett. 18, 1695–1697 (1991).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>J.-C. Gérard, V. I. Shematovich, and D. V. Bisikalo The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory (Geophysical Monograph Series, 87, 235–242, 1995).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>J.-C. Gérard, D. V. Bisikalo, V. I. Shematovich, and J. W. Duff, J. Geophys. Res. 102, № A1, 285–292 (1997 ).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>D. E. Siskind, C. A. Barth, and R. G. Roble, J. Geophys. Res. 94, № A12, 16885–16898 (1989).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>D. E. Siskind, C. A. Barth, D. S. Evans, and R. G. J. Roble, Geophys. Res. 94, № A12, 16899–16911 (1989).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>D. Bisikalo, V. Shematovich, B. Hubert, Universe 8, 437–451 (2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>S. C. Solomon, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 107–116 (2001).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>S. C. Solomon, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics 122, 7834–7848 (2017).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>V. I. Shematovich, D. V. Bisikalo, J.-C. Gérard, et al., J. Geophys. Res. 113, № E02011, 9 (2008).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>V. Shematovich, D. Bisikalo, G. Tsurikov, Atmosphere 14, № 1092, 15 (2023).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>D. V. Bisikalo, V. I. Shematovich, P. V. Kaygorodov, A. G. Zhil- kin, Physics Uspiekhy 64, 747–800 (2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>V. I. Shematovich, Russian Chemical Reviews 88, 1013–1045 (2019).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>T. Tabata, T. Shirai, M. Sataka, H. Kubo, Atom. Data and Nucl. Data Tables 92, № 3, 375–406 (2006).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Y. J. Itikawa Phys. and Chem. Ref. Data 35, 31–53 (2006).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Y. J. Itikawa Phys. and Chem. Ref. Data 38, 1–20 (2009).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>K. Anzai, H. Kato, M. Hoshino, et al., European Physical Journal D 66, № 36, 36 (2012).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>H. S. Porter, C. H. Jackman, A. E. S. Green, J. Chem. Phys. 65, 154–167 (1976).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>C. H. Jackman, R. H. Garvey, A. E. S. Green, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 5081–5090 (1977).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>M. Ya. Marov, V. I. Shematovich, D. V. Bisikalo, Space Science Reviews 76, 1–202 (1996).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>P. C. Cosby, J. Chem. Phys. 98, 9544–9553 (1993).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>C. W. Walter, P. C. Cosby, H. Helm, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 3553–3561 (1993).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>A. E. Hedin, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 1159–1172 (1991).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>R. A. Sultanov, N. J. Balakrishnan, Chem. Physics 124, №124321, 7 (2006).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>D. Bermejo-Pantaleón, B. Funke, M. López-Puertas, et al., J. Geophys. Res.: Space Physics 116, № A10, 24 (2011).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>L. Vejby-Christensen, D. Kella, H. B. Pedersen, and L. H. An -derson, Phys. Rev. A 57, 3627 (1998).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>А. Г. Жилкин, Ю. Г. Гладышева, В. И. Шематович, Д. В. Би- сикало, Астрон. Журн. 100, № 12, 1190–1209 (2023).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>S. D. Cohen, A. C. Hindmarsh, P. F. Dubois, Computers in physics 10, № 2, 138–143 (1996).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>D. Bilitza, D. Altadill, V. Truhlik, V. Shubin, et al., Space Weather 15, 418–429 (2017).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>S. M. Bailey, J. Geophys. Res. 107, № A8, 1205–1227 (2002) .</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>C. A. Barth, Planet. Space Sci. 40, 315–336 (1992).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>P. M. Banks, G. Kockarts Aeronomy (New York: Academic Press, 430, 1973).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>R. G. Roble The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A Review of Experiment and Theory (ed. by R. M. Johnson and T. L. Killeen, Geophysical Monograph, London, 1995) .</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>D. T. Decker, B. V. Kozelov, B. Basu, et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 26947–26960 (1996) .</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>R. J. Redmon, W. F. Denig, L. M. Kilcommons, K. J. Knipp, J. Geophys. Res.: Space Physics 122, № 8, 9056–9067 (2017).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>N. Balakrishnan, A. Dalgarno, Chemical Physics Letters 302, 485–488 (1999).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>E. C. Zipf, R. W. McLaughlin, Planet. Space Sci. 26, 449 (1978).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>W. L. Borst, E. C. Zipf, Phys. Rev. A 1, 834 (1970).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>F. D. Colegrove, W. B. Hanson, and F. S. Johnson, J. Geophys. Res. 70, 4931 (1965).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>J. Kasting, D. Whitmire, and R. Reynolds, Icarus 101, № 1, 108–128 (1993).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>R. K. Kopparapu, R. Ramirez, J. F. Kasting, V. Eymet, et al., Astrophys. J. 765, № 2, 16 (2013).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Б. Ф. Гордиец, Ю. Н. Куликов, М. Н. Марков, М. Я. Маров, Труды ФИАН 130, 28 (1982).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>A. Dalgarno, Ann. Geophys. 20, 65–74 (1964).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>A. Dalgarno, I. D. Latimer, J. W. McConkey, Planet. Space Sci. 13, № 1008–1009 (1965).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>J. A. Whalen, R. R. O’Neil, R. H. Picard Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment (ed. A. S. Jursa, Air Force Geophysics Laboratory Hanscom AFB, MA, 12, 12-1–12-42, 1985).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>M. J. Seaton, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 4, № 6, 285–294 (1954).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>И. С. Саванов, Астрофизический бюллетень 76, № 2, 202–209 (2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>J. L. Linsky, M. Güdel Characterizing Stellar and Exoplanetary Environments (ed. H. Lammer, M. Khodachenko, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Springer, 3–16, 2015).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>J. L. Linsky, R. Bushinsky, T. Ayres, J. Fontenla, K. France, Astrophys. J. 745, № 25, 8 (2012).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>I. Ribas, E. F. Guinan, M. Güdel, M. Audard, Astrophys. J. 622, № 1, 680–694 (2005).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>I. Ribas, G. F. Porto de Mello, L. D. Ferreira, E. Hébrard, et al., Astrophys. J. 714, № 1, 384–395 (2010).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>M. W. Claire, J. Sheets, M. Cohen, I. Ribas, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 757, № 95, 12 (2012).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>M. Güdel, E. F. Guinan, S. L. Skinner, Astrophys. J. 483, 947–960 (1997).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>B. E. Wood, H. R. Müller, G. P. Zank, J. L. Linsky, S. Redfield, Astrophys. J. 628, L143–L146 (2005).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>B. E. Wood, J. L. Linsky, M. Güdel Exoplanet Host Star Radiation and Plasma Environment (ed. H. Lammer, M. Khodachenko, Characterizing Stellar and Exoplanetary Environments. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, Springer, 19–32, 2015).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>A. A. Vidotto, Living Reviews in Solar Physics 18, № 3, 86 (2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>M. L. Khodachenko, I. Ribas, H. Lammer, J. M. Grießmeier, et al., Astrobiology 7, № 1, 167–184 (2007).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>A. Cherenkov, D. Bisikalo, L. Fossati, C. Mostl, Astrophys. J. 846, № 1, 31 (2017).</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
