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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geomagnetism and Aeronomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Geomagnetism and Aeronomy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Геомагнетизм и аэрономия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-7940</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5022</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686967</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016794025030039</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ESAAGB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forecast Estimation of Galactic Cosmic Ray Modulation in the 25th Solar Cycle</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка прогноза модуляции галактических космических лучей в 25-м цикле солнечной активности</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Struminsky</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Струминский</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>astrum@cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>astrum@cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guschina</surname><given-names>R. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гущина</surname><given-names>Р. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>astrum@cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yanke</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янке</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yanke@izmiran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryeva</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>И. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>astrum@cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космических исследований РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Main (Pulkovo) Astronomical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Главная (Пулковская) астрономическая обсерватория РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>324</fpage><lpage>334</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-7940/article/view/686967">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-7940/article/view/686967</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The difference in the shape of the maxima of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) fluxes for positive (<italic>A </italic>&gt; 0, even–odd cycle minima) and negative (<italic>A </italic>&lt; 0, odd–even cycle minima) polarities of the solar dipole magnetic field is well known. For<italic> A </italic>&gt; 0, a flat GCR maximum is observed, while for <italic>A </italic>&lt; 0, a sharp one. This difference is associated with the influence of the drift mechanism of GCR propagation in the global magnetic field of the heliosphere, the proxy of which can be considered the polar (dipole) magnetic field of the Sun (<italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic>). A homogeneous series of GCR data has been available since 1957, while <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> observations have been conducted only since 1976. Using the example of odd (21<sup>st</sup>, 23<sup>rd</sup> and 25<sup>th</sup>) and even (22<sup>nd</sup> and 24<sup>th</sup>) cycles for which <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><italic> </italic>and GCR observations are available, we investigate the hypothesis that changes in the <italic>B</italic><sub>pole</sub> value and sign determine the main trends in the development of the entire modulation cycle. Traditionally, the beginning of the 11-year cycle in the long-term GCR modulation is associated with the minimum number of sunspots <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic>, but the growth of <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic> does not reflect all physical processes on the Sun capable of modulating GCR in the heliosphere. We select the maximum GCR intensity at 10 GV as the beginning of the modulation cycle (zero on the time scale) and then compare the count rate of the Moscow neutron monitor, the <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> value, and the number of sunspots (<italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic>) using the superposition of epochs method. With such a choice of zero, the difference in the time profiles of GCRs in even and odd cycles is clearly visible. With a decrease in the <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> module, the GCR fluxes decrease, the convective transport mechanism prevails, and the effect of drift transport is not visible (there is no clear division into even and odd cycles). With an increase in the <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> module, the GCR fluxes grow, the diffusion mechanism of GCR transport prevails, which is helped or hindered by the drift mechanism (at <italic>A </italic>&gt; 0 or at <italic>A </italic>&lt; 0). The GCR fluxes remain constant at <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole </sub></italic><italic>~ const</italic>. The spot activity <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic> is asymmetrical relative to the moment of polarity reversal (<italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole </sub></italic>= 0), it is early in even and late in odd cycles. The discovered trends allow us to qualitatively predict the corridor of possible changes in <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> and GCR fluxes in the decline phase of the 25<sup>th</sup> cycle and in the minimum of 25–26 cycles, as well as to make an epignostic forecast based on observations of GCR and <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic> of possible <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> values in 1957–1976 (the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> and the entire 20<sup>th</sup> cycle).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Различие формы максимумов потоков галактических космических лучей (ГКЛ) при положительной (<italic>A </italic>&gt; 0, минимумы нечетных–четных циклов) и отрицательной (<italic>A</italic> &lt; 0, минимумы нечетных–четных циклов) полярности дипольного магнитного поля Солнца хорошо известно. При <italic>A </italic>&gt; 0 наблюдается плоский максимум ГКЛ, а при <italic>A </italic>&lt;0 – острый. Это различие связывают с влиянием дрейфового механизма распространения ГКЛ в глобальном магнитном поле гелиосферы, <italic>proxy которого </italic>можно считать<italic> </italic>полярное (дипольное) магнитное поле Солнца (<italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic>). Однородный ряд данных по ГКЛ доступен с 1957 года, а наблюдения <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><sub> </sub>проводятся только с 1976 года. На примере нечетных (21-го, 23-го и 25-го) и четных (22-го и 24-го) циклов, для которых есть наблюдения <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> и ГКЛ, исследуется гипотеза о том, что изменения величины и знака <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><sub> </sub>определяют основные тенденции развития всего цикла модуляции. Традиционно с началом 11-летнего цикла в долговременной модуляции ГКЛ связывают минимум числа солнечных пятен (<italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic>), но рост <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic> не отражает все физические процессы на Солнце, способные модулировать ГКЛ в гелиосфере. Началом цикла модуляции (ноль на шкале времени) мы выбираем максимум ГКЛ при 10 ГВ и далее сравниваем методом наложения эпох темп счета нейтронного монитора Москва, величины <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic> и <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic>. При таком выборе ноля наглядно видно различие временных профилей ГКЛ в четных и нечетных циклах. При уменьшении модуля <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><sub> </sub>потоки ГКЛ падают, преобладает конвективный механизм переноса и эффект дрейфового переноса не виден (нет явного разделения на четные и нечетные циклы). При<sub> </sub>увеличении модуля <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><sub> </sub>потоки ГКЛ растут, преобладает диффузионный механизм переноса ГКЛ, которому помогает или мешает дрейфовый механизм (при <italic>A </italic>&gt; 0 или при <italic>A </italic>&lt; 0). Потоки ГКЛ остаются постоянными при <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole </sub></italic><italic>~ const</italic>. Пятенная активность <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic><italic> </italic>несимметрична относительно момента переполюсовки (<italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><sub> </sub>= 0), она ранняя в четных и поздняя в нечетных циклах. Обнаруженные тенденции позволяют качественно предсказать коридор возможных изменений <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole </sub></italic>и потоков ГКЛ на фазе спада 25 цикла и в минимуме 25–26, а также сделать эпигноз по наблюдениям ГКЛ и <italic>R</italic><italic><sub>z</sub></italic><sub> </sub>возможных значения <italic>B</italic><italic><sub>pole</sub></italic><sub> </sub>в 1957–1976 гг. (конец 19-го и весь 20-й цикл).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>solar activity</kwd><kwd>even and odd cycles</kwd><kwd>polar magnetic field</kwd><kwd>heliospheric magnetic field</kwd><kwd>galactic cosmic rays</kwd><kwd>modulation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>солнечная активность</kwd><kwd>четные и нечетные циклы</kwd><kwd>полярное магнитное поле</kwd><kwd>гелиосферное магнитное поле</kwd><kwd>галактические космические лучи</kwd><kwd>модуляция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская национальная наземная сеть станций космических лучей</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian National Ground Network of Cosmic Ray Stations</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Гущина Р.Т., Белов А.В., Обридко В.Н., Шельтинг Б.Д. 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