<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geomagnetism and Aeronomy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Geomagnetism and Aeronomy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Геомагнетизм и аэрономия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-7940</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5022</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686968</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0016794025030041</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ESCRAE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Relationships Between Solar Activity Indices in Different Time Intervals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Связи между индексами солнечной активности в разные интервалы времени</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deminov</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деминов</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>deminov@izmiran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>335</fpage><lpage>342</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-7940/article/view/686968">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-7940/article/view/686968</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents the results of the analysis of long-term changes in the relationship between solar activity indices for 1953−2023. For this purpose, the annual moving averages of the <italic>F</italic>10, <italic>F</italic>30, <italic>MgII</italic>, <italic>Ri</italic> and <italic>T</italic> indices were used – the solar radio emission fluxes at wavelengths of 10.7 and 30 cm, the ratio of the central part to the flanks in the magnesium emission band of 276–284 nm, the international sunspot number and the ionospheric index, which is determined from ionospheric data as an analogue of the sunspot number. It has been found that the entire measurement period can be divided into the intervals 1953−1980, 1981−2012 and 2013−2023, in which the relationships between the solar activity indices differ distinctly. In the interval 1953−1980, these relationships are stable, i.e. there is practically no linear time trend in the dependence of one solar activity index on another. In the interval 2013−2023, such trends are usually significant. The boundaries of these intervals (1980 and 2013) approximately correspond to the maxima of the first and last solar cycles in the decreasing activity regime, when the large-scale solar magnetic field and the solar cycle height decrease over time. Therefore, the relationships between the solar activity indices, including the relationships between the ionospheric index and solar indices provide additional information on changes in the solar cycle regimes and can serve as one of the characteristics of changes in these regimes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлены результаты анализа долговременных изменений связи между индексами солнечной активности за 1953−2023 годы. Для этого использованы скользящие средние за год индексы <italic>F</italic>10, <italic>F</italic>30, <italic>MgII</italic>, <italic>Ri</italic> и <italic>T</italic> – потоки радиоизлучения Солнца на длинах волн 10.7 и 30 см, отношение центральной части к флангам в полосе излучения магния 276–284 нм, международное число солнечных пятен и ионосферный индекс, который определен по ионосферным данным как аналог числа солнечных пятен. Получено, что весь период измерений можно разделить на интервалы 1953−1980, 1981−2012 и 2013−2023 гг., в которых связи между индексами солнечной активности отчетливо различаются. В интервале 1953−1980 гг. эти связи стабильны, т.е. линейный по времени тренд в зависимости одного индекса солнечной активности от другого практически отсутствует. В интервале 2013−2023 гг. такие тренды обычно значимы. Границы этих интервалов (1980 и 2013 г.) примерно соответствуют максимумам первого и последнего солнечных циклов в режиме понижающейся активности, когда происходит уменьшение со временем крупномасштабного магнитного поля Солнца и высоты солнечного цикла. Следовательно, связи между индексами солнечной активности, включая связи между ионосферным индексом и солнечными индексами, дают дополнительную информацию об изменении режимов солнечных циклов и могут служить одной из характеристик изменения этих режимов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Sun</kwd><kwd>ionosphere</kwd><kwd>solar activity index</kwd><kwd>relationship</kwd><kwd>change over time</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Солнце</kwd><kwd>ионосфера</kwd><kwd>индекс солнечной активности</kwd><kwd>связь</kwd><kwd>изменение со временем</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1021100714181-3</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Обридко В.Н. Магнитные поля и индексы активности / Пламенная гелиогеофизика, 2 т. / Ред. Л.М. Зеленый и И.С. Веселовский. М.: Физматлит. T. 1. С. 41−60. 2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Обридко В.Н., Шельтинг Б.Д. Некоторые аномалии эволюции глобальных и крупномасштабных магнитных полей на Солнце как предвестники нескольких предстоящих невысоких циклов // Письма в Астрономический журнал. Т. 35. № 4. С. 279–285. 2009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Balogh A., Hudson H.S., Petrovay K., von Steiger R. Introduction to the solar activity cycle: Overview of causes and consequences // Space Sci. Rev. V. 186. № 1–4. P. 1–15. 2014. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11214-014-0125-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Caruana J. The IPS monthly T index / Proc. Solar-Terrestrial Prediction Workshop. Leura, Australia. October 16–20, 1989. V. 2. Ed. R.J. Thompson. Boulder, CO: Environmental Research Lab. P. 257–263. 1990.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Danilov A.D., Berbeneva N.A. Statistical analysis of the critical frequency foF2 dependence on various solar activity indices // Adv. Space Res. V. 72. № 6. P. 2351–2361. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.05.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Danilov A.D., Konstantinova A.V. Trends in foF2 to 2022 and various solar activity indices // Adv. Space Res. V. 71. № 11. P. 4594–4603. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.01.028</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Harvey K.L. The cyclic behavior of solar activity / The Solar Cycle. Proc. National Solar Observatory / Sacramento Peak 12th Summer Workshop / Astr. Soc. P. V. 27. Ed. K.L. Harvey. San Francisco: ASP. P. 335–367. 1992.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hathaway D.H. The solar cycle // Living Rev. Sol. Phys. V. 12. ID 4. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/lrsp-2015-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Laštovička J., Burešova D. Relationships between foF2 and various solar activity proxies // Space Weather. V. 21. № 4. ID e2022SW003359. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003359</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Laštovička J. Dependence of long-term trends in foF2 at middle latitudes on different solar activity proxies // Adv. Space Res. V. 73. № 1. P. 685–689. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2023.09.047</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Livingston W., Penn M.J., Svalgaard L. Decreasing sunspot magnetic fields explain unique 10.7 cm radio flux // Astrophys. J. Lett. V. 757. № 1. ID L8. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/757/1/L8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Martin S.F. Observations key to understanding solar cycles: a review // Front. Astron. Space Sci. V. 10. ID 1177097. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1177097</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Mursula K., Pevtsov A.A., Asikainen T., Tahtinen I., Yeates A.R. Transition to a weaker Sun: Changes in the solar atmosphere during the decay of the Modern Maximum // Astron. Astrophys. V. 685. ID A170. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202449231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Petrie G.J.D. Global solar photospheric and coronal magnetic field over activity cycles 21–25 // J. Space Weather Space. V. 14. ID 5. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2024005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Rees M.H. Physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 289 p. 1989.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Svalgaard L., Hansen W.W. Solar activity – past, present, future // J. Space Weather Space. V. 3. ID A24. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2013046</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
