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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">638570</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-5-502-508</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">zhlqrj</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Peculiarities of toxic effects produced by aluminum oxide nano- and microparticles under multiple inhalation exposure</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности токсического действия нано- и микрочастицоксида алюминия при многократной ингаляционной экспозиции</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zemlyanova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Землянова</surname><given-names>Марина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci, Professor, Head of the Department of Biochemical and Сytogenetic Diagnostics of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: zem@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. биохимических и цитогенетических методов диагностики ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь.</p><p>e-mail: zem@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email>zem@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Нина В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepankov</surname><given-names>Mark S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанков</surname><given-names>Марк С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm State National Research University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm National Research Polytechnic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Пермский национальный исследовательский политехнический университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Российская академия наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>502</fpage><lpage>508</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Zemlyanova M.A., Zaitseva N.V., Stepankov M.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Землянова М.А., Зайцева Н.В., Степанков М.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zemlyanova M.A., Zaitseva N.V., Stepankov M.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Землянова М.А., Зайцева Н.В., Степанков М.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2024-06-20"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638570">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638570</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction.</bold> Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs) are widely used in nanotechnologies employed in various branches including chemical, food, and medical industry and perfume and cosmetics production. This high demand for Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, given the wide-scale development of nanoindustries, can, in its turn, lead to ambient air pollution that creates public health risks under long-term exposure to it. Given that, it seems relevant to perform profound investigation with its focus on pathogenetic features of toxic effects produced by these nanoparticles and comparatively analyze them with effects produced by a micro-sized chemical analog under inhalation exposure to introduce more effective prevention.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> We examined chemical properties of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, nano- and microparticles (MPs) in an experiment on Wistar rats, comparatively analyzed the results and described pathogenetic features of toxic effects produced by the examined particles under multiple inhalation exposure. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results.</bold> The examined samples were a nanomaterial judging by such parameters as particle size, shape, surface area, and total pore volume. They differed substantially from their micro-sized analog. Exposure to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs causes more pronounced changes in the behaviour of rats relative to MPs. Under exposure to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs, aluminum concentrations were statistically significantly by 1.62–55.2 times higher in the lungs, liver, brain and blood. The concentration of the examined elements was by 1.55–7.65 times higher in these organs as compared to exposure to the micro-sized particles. Exposure to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs induced changes in biochemical indicators of negative effects against the control (exposure to micro-sized particles). We established higher activity of ALT, AST, AP, LDH, and elevated levels of direct bilirubin, GABA, glutamine acid, and MDA against the same indicators in the control group. Pathomorphological changes were identified in the lungs, brain, heart, and liver under exposure to Al2O3 NPs whereas exposure to the micro-sized analog induced such changes only in the lungs. Exposure to NPs induced more apparent changes in tissue structures in many organs. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Limitations.</bold> The study involved only multiple inhalation exposure to Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs and MPs in an experiment on Wistar rats.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs are more toxic than their micro-sized chemical analog; this is evidenced by a greater number of organs where bioaccumulation occurs, more apparent pathomorphological changes and pathological functional disorders. The study results should be considered when developing hygienic recommendations aimed at preventing and minimizing negative effects produced by Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> NPs on human health.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Compliance with ethical standards.</bold> The study was accomplished in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123) and requirements of the Local Committee on Ethics of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the Meeting Report No. 5 issued on January 20, 2021).</italic></p><p><bold>Contribution:</bold> <italic>Zemlyanova М.А.</italic> — the study concept and design, data analysis, writing; <italic>Zaitseva N.V.</italic> — the study concept and design, statistical data analysis, editing; <italic>Stepankov М.S.</italic> — data collection and analysis. <italic>All the authors</italic> have approved the final variant of the article and bear full responsibility for its integrity. </p><p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold> The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgement.</bold> The research was granted financial support from the federal budget.</p><p>Received: March 31, 2023 / Accepted: May 31, 2023 / Published: June 20, 2023</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>В<italic>ведение.</italic></bold><italic> Наночастицы оксида алюминия (НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) имеют широкое практическое применение в сфере нанотехнологий, связанных с химической, пищевой, медицинской парфюмерно-косметической отраслями промышленности. В условиях развития наноиндустрии использование НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> может обусловливать загрязнение атмосферного воздуха, формирующее риски для здоровья населения в условиях длительной аэрогенной экспозиции. Детальное исследование патогенетических особенностей токсического действия НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> и сравнительный анализ с микроразмерным химическим аналогом при ингаляционной экспозиции направлены на повышение эффективности мер профилактики.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследованы физические свойства нано- и микрочастиц Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. В эксперименте на крысах линии Wistar выполнен сравнительный анализ и дана характеристика патогенетических особенностей токсического действия частиц при многократной ингаляционной экспозиции.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты.</bold> По параметрам размера, формы, площади поверхности и суммарного объёма пор изучаемый образец является наноматериалом, существенно отличающимся от микроразмерного аналога. Воздействие НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> по сравнению с микрочастицами (МЧ) вызывает более выраженные изменения поведенческих реакций крыс. При экспозиции НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> установлено статистически значимое увеличение концентрации алюминия относительно контроля в 1,62–55,2 раза в лёгких, печени, головном мозге и крови. При этом концентрация изучаемого элемента в данных органах выше в 1,55–7,65 раза в сравнении с МЧ. Экспозиция НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> вызывает изменение биохимических показателей относительно контроля (повышение активности АЛТ, АСТ, ЩФ, ЛДГ, концентрации билирубина прямого, ГАМК, глутаминовой кислоты, МДА) и группы сравнения (АЛТ, АСТ, ЩФ, ГАМК, МДА, глутаминовая кислота). При воздействии НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> патоморфологические изменения установлены в тканях лёгких, головного мозга, сердца и печени, тогда как при воздействии микрочастиц — только в тканях лёгких. Степень изменений значительнее при экспозиции НЧ, а изменения структуры тканей охватывают большее число органов.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Ограничения исследования.</bold> Исследование выполнено только при многократной ингаляционной экспозиции НЧ и МЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> на крысах линии Wistar.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение.</bold> НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> обладают большей степенью токсичности относительно микроразмерного химического аналога, о чём свидетельствуют большее число органов бионакопления, более выраженные патоморфологические и патофункциональные нарушения. Полученные результаты необходимо учитывать при разработке гигиенических рекомендаций, направленных на предупреждение и минимизацию негативных эффектов НЧ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> на здоровье человека.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Соблюдение этических стандартов.</bold> Исследование выполнено в соответствии с Европейской конвенцией по защите позвоночных животных, используемых для экспериментальных или в иных научных целях (ETS № 123), и требованиями этического комитета ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» (протокол № 5 от 20.01.2021 г.)</italic>.</p><p><bold>Участие авторов:</bold> <italic>Землянова М.А.</italic> — концепция и дизайн исследования, обработка материала, написание текста; <italic>Зайцева Н.В.</italic> — концепция и дизайн исследования, статистическая обработка материала, редактирование; <italic>Степанков М.С.</italic> — сбор и обработка материала. <italic>Все соавторы</italic> — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов.</bold> Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p><p><bold>Финансирование.</bold> Исследование выполнено за счёт федерального бюджета.</p><p>Поступила: 31.03.2023 / Принята к печати: 31.05.2023 / Опубликована: 20.06.2023</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aluminum oxide</kwd><kwd>nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>toxicity</kwd><kwd>pathomorphological changes</kwd><kwd>bioaccumulation</kwd><kwd>inhalation exposure</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оксид алюминия</kwd><kwd>наночастицы</kwd><kwd>токсичность</kwd><kwd>патоморфологические изменения</kwd><kwd>бионакопление</kwd><kwd>ингаляционная экспозиция</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>GlobeNewswire. 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