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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">638626</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2023-102-1-29-33</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fountains as potential sources of aerogenic risk for urban populations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фонтаны как возможные источники аэрогенного риска для населения городов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1691-9439</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tretyakov</surname><given-names>Andrey Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Третьяков</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5587-4133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moskovkin</surname><given-names>Vladimir M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Московкин</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-0085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynov</surname><given-names>Arthur V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-448X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manuilov</surname><given-names>Mikhail B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мануйлов</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8489-3851</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermilov</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермилов</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant, MD, Department of hospital therapy, Medical Institution of Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, 308007, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: neglect@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-пульмонолог, ассистент кафедры госпитальной терапии Белгородского государственного национального исследовательского университета, 308015, Белгород.</p><p>e-mail: neglect@mail.ru</p></bio><email>neglect@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3589-7308</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osolodchenko</surname><given-names>Tatiana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осолодченко</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belgorod National Research University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Белгородский государственный национальный исследовательский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Institute of Microbiology and Immunology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences Ukraine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт микробиологии и иммунологии имени И.И. Мечникова НАМН Украины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-02-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Tretyakov A.Y., Moskovkin V.M., Martynov A.V., Manuilov M.B., Ermilov O.V., Osolodchenko T.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Третьяков А.Ю., Московкин В.М., Мартынов А.В., Мануйлов М.Б., Ермилов О.В., Осолодченко Т.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tretyakov A.Y., Moskovkin V.M., Martynov A.V., Manuilov M.B., Ermilov O.V., Osolodchenko T.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Третьяков А.Ю., Московкин В.М., Мартынов А.В., Мануйлов М.Б., Ермилов О.В., Осолодченко Т.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2024-02-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638626">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638626</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction.</bold> Fountains (office and outdoor), being small decorative structures used to improve the parameters of the human life environment, in the process of their work during the generation of a water jet, determine the creation of spray and aerosol fractions, thereby allowing the loss of a certain volume of liquid when air moves and wind carryover. The biological safety of the operation of such hydraulic structures depends on the composition of the microflora of the water in the main reservoir of the fountain, especially in the warm season.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> For the period 2010–2020, the study of the composition of the microflora of water in the main reservoirs of the existing fountains and in the sedimented spray-aerosol mixture formed during the operation of these hydraulic structures was carried out.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results.</bold> At water temperatures above +18 °C and the absence of a disinfection system or its regular complete replacement, fountains were found to have a significant level of contamination with bacterial and fungal pathogens, including mycobacterium tuberculosis; the number of microorganisms of the E. coli group in office and open city fountains. The amount of Clostridial flora and streptococci in open fountains significantly exceeds the standard indicators (p &lt; 0.05).</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Limitations.</bold> When studying the trends in concentration of liquid particles in the air, the methodology of K.Y. Kondratiev et al. (1988) and V.M. Khvata et al. (1991) was used. The studies were carried out in accordance with the Interstate standard “Water. Methods of sanitary and bacteriological analysis for field conditions” GOST 24849–2014, 2016.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The microflora of the operating fountain, in the absence of disinfection of water or its regular replacement, is characterized by a high titer of bacteria of the E. coli group, streptococci, staphylococci, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mold and yeast fungi. The one of the conditions for the excessive growth of these microorganisms in this hydraulic system is the water temperature above 18 °С. In the sedimented aerosol near the active fountain, a bacterial and fungal spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms similar to the water is found. Fountains (external and office) can be considered as sources of aerogenic household infection of the population of modern cities, which requires strict adherence to sanitary norms and rules that ensure the biological safety of these hydraulic structures.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Compliance with ethical standards.</bold> The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</italic></p><p><bold>Contribution:</bold> <italic>Tretyakov A.Yu.</italic> — the concept and design of the study, writing a text; <italic>Moskovkin V.M., Ermilov O.V.</italic> — editing; <italic>Martynov A.V.</italic> — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, collection, and processing of material; <italic>Manuilov M.B., Osolodchenko T.P.</italic> — collection and processing of material. <italic>All authors</italic> are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p><p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold> The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgement.</bold> The study had no sponsorship.</p><p>Received: September 20, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: February 15, 2023</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение.</bold> Фонтаны (офисные и внешние), являясь малыми декоративными сооружениями, используемыми с целью улучшения параметров среды жизнедеятельности человека, в процессе своей работы в ходе генерации водной струи создают фракции спрея и аэрозоля, тем самым допуская потерю определённого объёма жидкости при движении воздуха и ветровом уносе. От состава микрофлоры воды основного резервуара фонтана зависит биологическая безопасность работы таких гидротехнических сооружений, особенно в тёплое время года.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В период 2010–2020 гг. проведено изучение состава микрофлоры воды в основных резервуарах действующих фонтанов и в седиментированной смеси «спрей–аэрозоль», формирующейся во время работы таких гидротехнических конструкций.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлено, что фонтаны при температуре воды выше плюс 18 °С и отсутствии системы обеззараживания или её регулярной полной замены имеют значительный уровень контаминации бактериальными и грибковыми патогенами, включая микобактерии туберкулёза. Число микроорганизмов группы кишечной палочки в офисных и открытых городских фонтанах, количество клостридиальной флоры и стрептококков в открытых фонтанах существенно превосходят нормативные показатели (р &lt; 0,05).</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Ограничения исследования.</bold> При изучении динамики концентрации частиц жидкости в воздухе использованы методики К.Я. Кондратьева и соавт., В.М. Хвата и соавт. Исследования выполнены в соответствии с Межгосударственным стандартом «Вода. Методы санитарно-бактериологического анализа для полевых условий» ГОСТ 24849–2014 (2016 г.).</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение.</bold> Микрофлора действующего фонтана при отсутствии обеззараживания воды или её регулярной замены характеризуется высоким титром бактерий группы кишечной палочки, стрептококков, стафилококков, микобактерий туберкулёза, плесневых и дрожжевых грибов. Одним из условий избыточного роста микроорганизмов в данной гидросистеме является температура воды выше плюс 18 °С. В седиментированном аэрозоле вблизи действующего фонтана обнаруживается схожий с водным бактериальный и грибковый спектр патогенных микроорганизмов. Фонтаны (внешние и офисные) могут рассматриваться в качестве источников аэрогенного бытового инфицирования населения современных городов, что требует строгого соблюдения санитарных норм и правил, обеспечивающих биологическую безопасность данных гидротехнических сооружений.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Соблюдение этических стандартов.</bold> Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</italic></p><p><bold>Участие авторов:</bold> <italic>Третьяков А.Ю.</italic> — концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста; <italic>Московкин В.М., Ермилов О.В.</italic> — редактирование; <italic>Мартынов А.В.</italic> — концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор материала и обработка данных, написание текста; <italic>Мануйлов М.Б., Осолодченко Т.П.</italic> — сбор материала и обработка данных. <italic>Все соавторы</italic> — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов.</bold> Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p><p><bold>Финансирование.</bold> Исследование не имело финансовой поддержки.</p><p>Поступила: 20.09.2022 / Принята к печати: 08.12.2022 / Опубликована: 15.02.2023</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fountains</kwd><kwd>water microflora</kwd><kwd>microflora of the spray-aerosol mixture</kwd><kwd>biological safety</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фонтаны</kwd><kwd>микрофлора воды</kwd><kwd>микрофлора смеси «спрей-аэрозоль»</kwd><kwd>биологическая безопасность</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Modrzewska B.D., Bartnicka M., Blaszkowska J. 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