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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">638663</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2022-101-12-1509-1520</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the impact of industrial single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on human respiratory tract epithelial cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка воздействия промышленных одностенных и многостенных углеродных нанотрубок на культуры эпителиальных клеток дыхательных путей человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-5017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabidinova</surname><given-names>Gulnaz F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габидинова</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-2474</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timerbulatova</surname><given-names>Gyuzel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимербулатова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-4430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Daminova</surname><given-names>Amina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даминова</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9494-5288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galyaltdinov</surname><given-names>Shamil F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галялтдинов</surname><given-names>Ш. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7497-1211</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dimiev</surname><given-names>Ayrat M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Димиев</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-0553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryuchkova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крючкова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-7649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fakhrullin</surname><given-names>Rawil F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фахруллин</surname><given-names>Р. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-563X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhutdinova</surname><given-names>Liliya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхутдинова</surname><given-names>Лилия Минвагизовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, head of the Department of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Kazan, 420012, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: liliya.fatkhutdinova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, зав. каф. гигиены, медицины труда ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, 420012, Казань.</p><p>e-mail: liliya.fatkhutdinova@kazangmu.ru</p></bio><email>liliya.fatkhutdinova@kazangmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-01-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1509</fpage><lpage>1520</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Gabidinova G.F., Timerbulatova G.A., Daminova A.G., Galyaltdinov S.F., Dimiev A.M., Kryuchkova M.A., Fakhrullin R.F., Fatkhutdinova L.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Габидинова Г.Ф., Тимербулатова Г.А., Даминова А.Г., Галялтдинов Ш.Ф., Димиев А.М., Крючкова М.А., Фахруллин Р.Ф., Фатхутдинова Л.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gabidinova G.F., Timerbulatova G.A., Daminova A.G., Galyaltdinov S.F., Dimiev A.M., Kryuchkova M.A., Fakhrullin R.F., Fatkhutdinova L.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Габидинова Г.Ф., Тимербулатова Г.А., Даминова А.Г., Галялтдинов Ш.Ф., Димиев А.М., Крючкова М.А., Фахруллин Р.Ф., Фатхутдинова Л.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2024-01-12"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638663">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638663</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction.</bold> In the present study, a comparative assessment of the toxic effects of industrial single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT and MWCNT) at doses corresponding to industrial exposures on BEAS-2B and A549 cells was carried out.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The size distribution of SWCNT and MWCNT agglomerates in dispersions was estimated by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed using a MTS test and LDH assay. The interaction of CNTs with cells was visualized using dark-field and transmission electron microscopy.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results.</bold> Cytotoxic effects of pristine SWCNT and MWCNT in concentrations of 50–200 μg/ml and purified SWCNT in the range of 25–200 μg/ml were found in BEAS-2B cells. SWCNT and MWCNT were found to penetrate into the cytoplasm of both BEAS-2B and A549 cells, while MWCNT are more often revealed in the intracellular content as vacuolized clusters, and single SWCNT and agglomerates are visualized in the cytoplasm without a tendency to vacuolization.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Limitations.</bold> CNT were introduced into cells in the form of dispersions, where both single nanotubes and their agglomerates were found. The calculation of CNT concentrations for introduction into cells was based on computer simulation.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Further study of the mechanisms of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of different types of carbon nanotubes (CNT) may contribute to the identification of MWCNT and SWCNT specific effects on the cells of the respiratory system to develop methodological approaches to the safe use of CNT.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Compliance with ethical standards.</bold> The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.</italic></p><p><bold>Contribution:</bold> <italic>Gabidinova G.F.</italic> — literature review on the topic of research, cell cultivation, tests (LDH) on cells, statistical data processing, preparation of pictures, generalization of the results; <italic>Timerbulatova G.A.</italic> — literature review on the topic of research, cell cultivation, tests (MTS) on cells, preparation of pictures, generalization of the results; <italic>Daminova A.G.</italic> — transmission electron microscopy, suspension morphometry, generalization of the obtained results; <italic>Galyaltdinov Sh.F.</italic> — preparation of suspensions of materials for introduction into cells; <italic>Dimiev A.M.</italic> — development of methods for preparing suspensions of materials for introduction into cells;<italic>Kryuchkova M.A.</italic> — visualization of nanomaterials in cells (dark field microscopy); <italic>Fakhrullin R.F.</italic> — visualization of nanomaterials in cells (dark field microscopy); <italic>Fatkhutdinova L.M.</italic> — material analysis; editing; preparing an article for publication. <italic>All authors</italic> are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. </p><p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold> The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgment.</bold> The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant № 22-25-00512, https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-00512/</p><p>Received: October 27, 2022 / Accepted: December 8, 2022 / Published: January 12, 2023</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение.</bold> В настоящем исследовании проведена сравнительная оценка токсических эффектов промышленных одностенных углеродных нанотрубок (ОУНТ) и многостенных углеродных нанотрубок (МУНТ) в низких дозах, соответствующих производственным экспозициям, на культурах клеток бронхиального эпителия BEAS-2B и альвеолярного эпителия A549.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Распределение по размерам агломератов ОУНТ и МУНТ в дисперсиях оценивалось методами динамического светорассеяния и просвечивающей электронной микроскопии. Оценка цитотоксичности проводилась с помощью MTS-теста и определения лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ) в клеточном супернатанте. Визуализация взаимодействия углеродных нанотрубок (УНТ) с клетками осуществлялась с использованием темнопольной и просвечивающей электронной микроскопии.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты.</bold> Данные MTS-теста и ЛДГ-теста свидетельствуют о цитотоксичности неочищенных ОУНТ и МУНТ в диапазоне концентраций 50–200 мкг/мл и очищенных ОУНТ в диапазоне 25–200 мкг/мл в отношении клеток BEAS-2B. Показано, что наиболее подходящей моделью для изучения УНТ является клеточная культура бронхиального эпителия человека BEAS-2B. Выявлено, что ОУНТ и МУНТ проникают в цитоплазму клеток BEAS-2B и А549, при этом МУНТ чаще обнаруживаются во внутриклеточном содержимом в виде вакуолизированных скоплений, тогда как единичные и агломераты ОУНТ визуализируются в цитоплазме без тенденции к вакуолизации.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Ограничения исследования.</bold> Внесение УНТ в клетки осуществлялось в виде дисперсий, где обнаруживались как единичные нанотрубки, так и их агломераты. Также в настоящем исследовании расчёт концентраций УНТ для внесения в клетки был основан на компьютерном моделировании.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение.</bold> Различия в проникновении УНТ в клетки могут быть объяснены структурными особенностями: агломераты МУНТ в несколько раз меньше по сравнению с ОУНТ, что облегчает их захват клетками. Дальнейшее изучение механизмов цитотоксического и генотоксического действия разных типов УНТ может способствовать выявлению особенностей воздействия МУНТ и ОУНТ на клетки дыхательной системы для разработки методологических подходов к безопасному использованию УНТ.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Соблюдение этических стандартов.</bold> Исследование не требует представления заключения комитета по биомедицинской этике или иных документов.</italic></p><p><bold>Участие авторов:</bold> <italic>Габидинова Г.Ф.</italic> — обзор литературы по теме исследования, культивирование клеток, проведение тестов (ЛДГ) на клетках, статистическая обработка данных, построение рисунков, обобщение полученных результатов; <italic>Тимербулатова Г.А.</italic> — обзор литературы по теме исследования, культивирование клеток, проведение тестов (MTS) на клетках, построение рисунков, обобщение полученных результатов; <italic>Даминова А.Г.</italic> — проведение просвечивающей электронной микроскопии, морфометрии суспензий; <italic>Галялтдинов Ш.Ф.</italic> — подготовка суспензий материалов для внесения в клетки; <italic>Димиев А.М.</italic> — разработка методов подготовки суспензий материалов для внесения в клетки; <italic>Крючкова М.А.</italic> — разработка методов визуализации наноматериалов в клетках (темнопольная микроскопия); <italic>Фахруллин Р.Ф.</italic> — разработка методов визуализации наноматериалов в клетках (темнопольная микроскопия); <italic>Фатхутдинова Л.М.</italic> — дизайн исследования, анализ материала, редактирование, подготовка статьи к публикации.<italic>Все соавторы</italic> — утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов.</bold> Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p><p><bold>Финансирование.</bold> Исследование выполнено за счёт средств гранта Российского научного фонда № 22-25-00512, https://rscf.ru/project/22-25-00512/</p><p>Поступила: 27.10.2022 / Принята к печати: 08.12.2022 / Опубликована: 12.01.2023</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>carbon nanotubes</kwd><kwd>BEAS-2B</kwd><kwd>A549</kwd><kwd>cytotoxicity</kwd><kwd>dark-field microscopy</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>углеродные нанотрубки</kwd><kwd>BEAS-2B</kwd><kwd>A549</kwd><kwd>цитотоксичность</kwd><kwd>темнопольная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Venkataraman A., Amadi E.V., Chen Y., Papadopoulos C. 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