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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">638675</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-12-1366-1371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the relationship between antibiotic resistance markers and virulence markers in <italic>NDM</italic>-positive <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> strains circulating in various waters and human loci</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение связи маркеров антибиотикорезистентности с маркерами вирулентности у <italic>NDM</italic>-положительных штаммов <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, циркулирующих в различных водах и локусах человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7086-0899</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pay</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пай</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3554-7690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakitina</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ракитина</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4795-0751</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhina</surname><given-names>Mariya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухина</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7942-8004</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Valentin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6295-661X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maniya</surname><given-names>Tamari R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мания</surname><given-names>Тамари Резоевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, researcher of Microbiology and Parasitology laboratory in the Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia, Moscow, 119121.</p><p>e-mail: TManiya@cspmz.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. лаб. микробиологии и паразитологии ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России 119121, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: TManiya@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email>tmaniya@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4772-9686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagaynova</surname><given-names>Angelika V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загайнова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Scientific Centre of Coloproctology n.a. A.N. Ryzhikh</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр колопроктологии имени А.Н. Рыжих» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1366</fpage><lpage>1371</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Pay G.V., Rakitina D.V., Sukhina M.A., Yudin S.M., Makarov V.V., Maniya T.R., Zagaynova A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Пай Г.В., Ракитина Д.В., Сухина М.А., Юдин С.М., Макаров В.В., Мания Т.Р., Загайнова А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pay G.V., Rakitina D.V., Sukhina M.A., Yudin S.M., Makarov V.V., Maniya T.R., Zagaynova A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пай Г.В., Ракитина Д.В., Сухина М.А., Юдин С.М., Макаров В.В., Мания Т.Р., Загайнова А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-12-30"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638675">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638675</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction. </bold>The propagation of multi-resistance to antibiotics among hospital isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a subject of growing concern worldwide. At present, growing data of association between resistance and hypervirulence in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae emerges. However, the occurrence of these pathogens in the environment remains an open question. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>The aim of this study </bold>was to evaluate and compare antibiotic resistance determinants occurrence in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from water sources (environmental and sewage), human sources (practically healthy people and patients with inflaammatory bowel disease (IBD), and extraintestinal infections (ExII)). </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The PCR assay of carbapenemase genes IMP, NDM, VIM, KPC, OXA-48 was performed with the commercial “Amplisense” kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. The assay was used to evaluate the occurrence of antibiotic-resistance genes in 223 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniaе from various sources: 42 isolates from sewage, 19 isolates from surface water sources, 30 isolates from biological material (blood, urine, surgical wounds, bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients with extraintestinal infections (ExII), 69 isolates from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and 63 isolates from faeces of practically healthy people. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results. </bold>The ExII group revealed various antibiotic resistance genes. The most prevalent gene was OXA (30% had this gene only, other 26,6% had also KPC or NDM). NDM as the only resistance gene was observed in 23,3% of ExII isolates. KPC gene was observed in 3,3% of ExII group. Two isolates from IBD group contained NDM gene along with VIM gene. Only NDM gene was found in all the other groups of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (13-28% isolates in every group, no statistical difference). NDM was shown to be associated with virulence genes iutA and rmpA that are responsible for iron consumption and hypermucoid phenotype. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The most abundant resistance genes in the studied Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were NDM (13.5%) and ОХА (8%). At the same time, NDM was the only gene found in all groups (11-28%). NDM metallobeta-lactamase gene was associated with rmpA and iutA genes, giving an example of the connection between virulence and resistance properties. A significant amount of resistant isolates from healthy donors and surface waters indicates the need for additional study of the role of NDM positive isolates in pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae.</italic></p><p><bold>Contribution: </bold></p><p><italic>Pay G.V. </italic>— concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, performing the experiments, statistical processing, writing, editing;</p><p><italic>Rakitina D.V. </italic>— performing the experiments, writing;</p><p><italic>Sukhina M.A. </italic>— collection of clinical material;</p><p><italic>Yudin S.M. </italic>— editing, approval of the final version of the article;</p><p><italic>Makarov V.V. </italic>— editing, approval of the final version of the article;</p><p><italic>Maniya T.R. </italic>— collection and processing of material, editing;</p><p><italic>Zagaynova A.V. </italic>— concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article.</p><p><italic>All authors </italic>are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p><p><bold>Conflict of interest. </bold>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgment. </bold>The research was carried out within the framework of the research work “Development of technologies for cryopreservation and archiving of biological samples of human microecological resources (code“Cryobank”)»№ АААА-А18-118020590091-2.</p><p>Received: July 22, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение. </bold>Рост антибиотикорезистентности среди госпитальных штаммов Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) вызывает всё большую озабоченность во всём мире. На сегодняшний день появляется много данных о связи резистентных штаммов c гипервирулентностью клинических изолятов. Однако вопрос о распределении этих условных патогенов во внешней среде остаётся пока открытым.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— оценить и сравнить встречаемость детерминант устойчивости к антибиотикам у изолятов K. pneumoniae из водных источников (окружающей среды и сточных вод), человеческих источников (практически здоровых людей и пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника (ВЗК) и внекишечными инфекциями (EXII)).</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>ПЦР-детекцию генов карбапенемаз IMP, NDM, VIM, KPC, OXA-48 проводили с помощью коммерческих наборов «Амплисенс», согласно протоколу производителя. С помощью ПЦР-анализа оценивали частоту встречаемости генов антибиотикорезистентности у 223 изолятов K. pneumoniae, выделенных из различных источников. Использовали 42 изолята из сточных вод, 19 изолятов из поверхностных водных источников, 30 устойчивых к антибиотикам изолятов от пациентов с внекишечными инфекциями (ВКИ), 69 изолятов от пациентов с воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника, а также 63 изолята из кала здоровых людей.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты. </bold>Среди изолятов внекишечных инфекций выявлены разнообразные гены антибиотикоустойчивости. Чаще других выявлялся тип ОХА (у 30% обнаружен только он, ещё у 26,6% он выявлен вместе с КРС или NDM). NDM в качестве единственного гена устойчивости обнаруживался у 23,3% изолятов из внекишечных инфекций. КРС, наиболее редкий тип генов устойчивости, показан у 3,3% изолятов из внекишечных инфекций. У двух изолятов из кала больных воспалительными заболеваниями кишечника помимо генов NDM были обнаружены гены VIM. В остальных группах K. pneumoniae из всех изученных генов бета-лактамаз была обнаружена только группа генов NDM (обнаружен у 13–28% изолятов в каждой группе, статистически достоверных различий между группами не выявлено). Была показана ассоциация генов NDM с генами вирулентности iutA и rmpA, отвечающими за поглощение железа и гипермукоидный фенотип.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение. </bold>В исследованной выборке K. pneumoniae из различных источников наиболее распространённым вариантом резистентности к антибиотикам были NDM (13,5%) и ОХА (8%). При этом NDM в отличие от остальных генов устойчивости встречается во всех группах изолятов с частотой 11–28%. На примере гена металло-β-лактамазы NDM у K. pneumoniae мы наблюдаем ассоциацию между маркерами резистентности и маркерами вирулентности rmpA и iutA. Значительный процент резистентных штаммов у здоровых доноров и в поверхностных водах требует дальнейшего изучения роли NDM+ штаммов в патогенности выделенных K. pneumoniae.</italic></p><p><bold>Участие авторов: </bold></p><p><italic>Пай Г.В. —</italic> концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, выполнение экспериментальной работы, статистическая обработка, написание текста, редактирование;</p><p><italic>Ракитина Д.В. —</italic> выполнение экспериментальной работы, написание текста;</p><p><italic>Сухина М.А. —</italic> сбор материала от пациентов;</p><p><italic>Юдин С.М. —</italic> редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи;</p><p><italic>Макаров В.В. —</italic> редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи;</p><p><italic>Мания Т.Р. —</italic> сбор материала, редактирование;</p><p><italic>Загайнова А.В. —</italic> концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, утверждение окончательного варианта статьи.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов. </bold>Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p><p><bold>Финансирование. </bold>Исследование проведено в рамках НИР «Разработка технологий криоконсервации и архивирования биообразцов микроэкологических ресурсов человека (шифр «Криобанк»)», № АААА-А18-118020590091-2.</p><p>Поступила: 22.07.2021 / Принята к печати: 25.11.2021 / Опубликована: 30.12.2021</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hvKp</kwd><kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>carbapenemase</kwd><kwd>NDM-type metallo-beta-lactamase</kwd><kwd>surface water</kwd><kwd>sewage water</kwd><kwd>IBD</kwd><kwd>Extraintestinal infection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>вирулентность</kwd><kwd>карбапенемаза</kwd><kwd>металло-β-лактамаза NDM-типа</kwd><kwd>поверхностные воды</kwd><kwd>сточные воды</kwd><kwd>ВЗК</kwd><kwd>внекишечные инфекции</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Khan A.U., Maryam L., Zarrilli R. 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