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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">638695</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-12-1391-1396</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕДИЦИНА ТРУДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">External exposure levels and fluoride content in the urine of workers at aluminium electrolysis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уровни внешней экспозиции и содержание фторидов в моче работников при электролизе алюминия</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-3133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shayakhmetov</surname><given-names>Salim F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаяхметов</surname><given-names>Салим Файзыевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., professor, leading researcher of the Laboratory of analytical ecotoxicology and biomonitoring of the East-Siberian institute of Medical and Ecological Research, Angarsk, 665827, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: salimf53@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, вед. науч. сотр. Восточно-Сибирского института медико-экологических исследований, 6657827, Ангарск.</p><p>e-mail: salimf53@mail.ru</p></bio><email>salimf53@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7848-6432</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merinov</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меринов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0876-2304</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lisetskaya</surname><given-names>Lyudmila G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лисецкая</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9772-0199</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meschakova</surname><given-names>Nina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мещакова</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2536-1550</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rukavishnikov</surname><given-names>Victor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рукавишников</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Восточно-Сибирский институт медико-экологических исследований»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1391</fpage><lpage>1396</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Shayakhmetov S.F., Merinov A.V., Lisetskaya L.G., Meschakova N.M., Rukavishnikov V.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Шаяхметов С.Ф., Меринов А.В., Лисецкая Л.Г., Мещакова Н.М., Рукавишников В.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shayakhmetov S.F., Merinov A.V., Lisetskaya L.G., Meschakova N.M., Rukavishnikov V.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шаяхметов С.Ф., Меринов А.В., Лисецкая Л.Г., Мещакова Н.М., Рукавишников В.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-12-30"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638695">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638695</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction. </bold>In the context of large-scale modernization and intensification of aluminium production, it becomes relevant to assess the actual fluoride loads and the main factors that determine the occupational exposure of workers to fluorides for health risk analysis. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Monitoring studies of the content of hydrofluoride and aerosols of fluoride salts in the air of electrolysis shops were carried out with traditional and modernized technologies for producing aluminium and fluorine in urine in 108 workers of the primary professions and 35 people in the control group. Determination of the concentration of fluorides was carried out by photometric methods, and fluorine in urine — by ionometric methods. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results. </bold>The total concentration of fluoride compounds in the air of the modernized shops was 1.4-2.1 times lower than the values in traditional shops. The fluoride content in the urine of workers in these workshops ranged from 0.8 to 4.7 mg/l, 1.1-6.7 times higher than the level of the control group and 1.1-2.3 times the limit value of the biological exposure index. The highest external and internal fluoride loads and associated health risks are found in workers who maintain electrolyzers and anodes. A closer, noticeable (r = 0.644) correlation was found between the content of fluoride in urine and the levels of gaseous hydrofluoride in the air, indicating its predominant effect on workers compared to other determinants (total concentration of fluorides, seniority and age). </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The studies’ results indicate a high additional informative value and reliability of biomonitoring of fluoride in urine, which, combined with analysis of air pollution with fluorides, provides a completely objective assessment of the risk of exposure to workers. The presence of high levels of hydrofluoride in the air of electrolysis shops creates a higher occupational health risk for workers.</italic></p><p><bold>Contribution: </bold></p><p><italic>Shayakhmetov S.F. </italic>— the concept and design of the study, writing a text;</p><p><italic>Merinov A.V. </italic>— collection and processing of material, statistical processing; </p><p><italic>Lisetskaya L.G. </italic>— collection and processing of material;</p><p><italic>Meshchakova N.M. </italic>— a collection of literature data;</p><p><italic>Rukavishnikov V.S. </italic>— editing the article.</p><p><italic>All authors </italic>are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p><p><bold>Conflict of interest. </bold>The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgement. </bold>Financing of the work was carried out at the expense of funds allocated for the state assignment of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.</p><p>Received: August 2, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение. </bold>В условиях широкомасштабной модернизации и интенсификации производства алюминия становится актуальной оценка реальных фтористых нагрузок и основных факторов, определяющих профессиональное воздействие фторидов на работников для анализа риска для здоровья.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Выполнены мониторинговые исследования содержания гидрофторида и аэрозолей фтористых солей в воздухе электролизных цехов при традиционной и модернизированной технологиях получения алюминия, а также фтора в моче у 108 работников основных профессий и 35 человек контрольной группы. Определение концентрации фторидов проводили фотометрическим, а фтора в моче  ионометрическим методами.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты. </bold>Суммарные концентрации фтористых соединений в воздухе модернизированных цехов были в 1,4–2,1 раза ниже значений в традиционных цехах. Содержание фтора в моче у работников данных цехов составляло от 0,8 до 4,7 мг/л, превышая в 1,1–6,7 раза уровень контрольной группы и в 1,1–2,3 раза предельное значение биологического индекса экспозиции. Наибольшие внешние и внутренние нагрузки фторидов и связанный с ним риск для здоровья обнаружены у работников, занятых обслуживанием электролизёров и анодов. Выявлена более тесная заметная (r = 0,644) корреляционная связь между содержанием фтора в моче и уровнями газообразного гидрофторида в воздухе, свидетельствующая о его преобладающем воздействии на работников по сравнению с другими детерминантами (суммарная концентрация фторидов, стаж, возраст).</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение. </bold>Результаты проведённых исследований свидетельствуют о высокой дополнительной информативной ценности и надёжности биомониторинга содержания фтора в моче, который в сочетании с анализом загрязнённости воздуха фторидами даёт полную объективную оценку риска воздействия на работников. Наличие высоких уровней гидрофторида в воздушной среде электролизных цехов формирует более высокий профессиональный риск нарушения здоровья работников.</italic></p><p><bold>Участие авторов: </bold></p><p><italic>Шаяхметов С.Ф. </italic>— концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста;</p><p><italic>Меринов А.В. </italic>— сбор материала и обработка данных, статистическая обработка;</p><p><italic>Лисецкая Л.Г. </italic>— сбор материала и обработка данных;</p><p><italic>Мещакова Н.М. </italic>— сбор данных литературы;</p><p><italic>Рукавишников В.С. </italic>— редактирование.</p><p><italic>Все авторы </italic>— утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов. </bold>Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p><p><bold>Финансирование. </bold>Работа выполнена в рамках средств, выделяемых для выполнения государственного задания ФГБНУ ВСИМЭИ.</p><p>Поступила: 02.08.2021 / Принята к печати: 25.11.2021 / Опубликована: 30.12.2021</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydrofluoride</kwd><kwd>fluoride salts</kwd><kwd>working area air</kwd><kwd>urine</kwd><kwd>aluminium production</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гидрофторид</kwd><kwd>фтористые соли</kwd><kwd>воздух рабочей зоны</kwd><kwd>моча</kwd><kwd>производство алюминия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokur O.V., Chebotarev A.G., Duryagin I.N. 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