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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">638911</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-10-1060-1063</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The benzene impact on programmed death of sperm cell</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние бензола на программированную клеточную гибель сперматозоидов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-3145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgikh</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгих</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, DSci., Head of Immunobiological Diagnostics Methods Department, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation.</p><p>e-mail: oleg@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, зав. отд. иммунoбиологических методов диагностики, ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр мeдико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь.</p><p>e-mail: oleg@fcrisk.ru</p></bio><email>oleg@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0170-1824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dianova</surname><given-names>Dina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дианова</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-9828</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alikina</surname><given-names>Inga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аликина</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7986-0326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivtsov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривцов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в саере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>100</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1060</fpage><lpage>1063</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Dolgikh O.V., Dianova D.G., Alikina I.N., Krivtsov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Долгих О.В., Дианова Д.Г., Аликина И.Н., Кривцов А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolgikh O.V., Dianova D.G., Alikina I.N., Krivtsov A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долгих О.В., Дианова Д.Г., Аликина И.Н., Кривцов А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-10-31"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638911">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/638911</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction. </bold>Benzene and its derivatives enter organism from the natural environment are the sources of constant health danger, including reproductive system disorders. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Purpose of the study. </bold>In vitro study of the modifying effect of benzene on the indices controlling the apoptosis of sperm cells.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The study includes data on 27 men from 41 to 51 years of age, apparently healthy, not in contact with harmful factors, and living in relatively favourable conditions. Using flow cytometry in the ejaculated semen, we determined CD25<sup>+</sup> and CD95<sup>+</sup> markers, p53, bax, caspase-3 activity, percentage of AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>–</sup>, and AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>-spermatozoa. The seminal fluid samples were incubated with benzene at a concentration of 0.001 µg/ml (experimental samples) for 72 hours at 37°C to evaluate the effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on the indices controlling the apoptosis. Sperm samples incubated under identical conditions without benzene addition were used as control samples.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results. </bold>p53 content, caspase-3 activity, and the number of dead male germ cells (AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>-spermatozoa) were found to decrease statistically significantly (p=0.023–0.026) in experimental semen samples after the addition of benzene (by 50% of the initial levelon average). At the same time, the addition of benzene to the ejaculated semen samples did not change the early activation profile of gametes (according to CD25<sup>+</sup> criteria), cells readiness to start FAS-dependent apoptosis (CD95<sup>+</sup>), and the number of spermatozoa marked for death by apoptosis (AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>–</sup>-spermatozoa). </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The results of immunological testing demonstrated that in vitro system benzene inhibits apoptosis and interferes with gamete life cycle . On the example of benzene, it was been demonstrated that haptenic contamination could alter sperm fertility associated with an imbalance of proapoptotic factors and impair ed male reproductive system function. The indices of programmed cell death bax, p53, caspase-3, CD25-positive, FAS-positive, AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>–</sup>-sperm, and AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>-sperm in the ejaculate are recommended for diagnosis and monitoring of sperm fertility disorders.</italic></p><p><bold>Contribution:</bold></p><p><italic>Dolgikh O.V. </italic>— research concept and design, editing;</p><p><italic>Dianova D.G. </italic>— research concept and design, text writing;</p><p><italic>Alikina I.N. </italic>— collection and processing of the material;</p><p><italic>Krivtsov A.V. </italic>— statistical processing.</p><p><italic>All authors </italic>are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.</p><p><bold>Conflict of interest.</bold> The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p><p><bold>Acknowledgement. </bold>The study had no sponsorship. The work was carried out on the topic from the Research Plan of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Research Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies of Public Health Risk Management" "Study of reproductive disorders in men associated with exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors and substantiation of molecular genetic markers for their diagnosis", No. НОКР AAAAA-A20-120080790015-5.</p><p>Received: July 27, 2021 / Accepted: September 28, 2021 / Published: October 31, 2021</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение. </bold>Бензол и его производные, поступающие в организм из среды обитания, являются источниками постоянной опасности нарушения здоровья, в том числе и репродуктивного.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Цель работы </bold>— изучить in vitro модифицирующее влияние бензола на показатели, контролирующие апоптоз сперматозоидов.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В исследование включены данные 27 практически здоровых мужчин в возрасте от 41 до 51 года, не имеющих производственного контакта с вредными факторами и проживающих в относительно благоприятных условиях. Методом проточной цитометрии в эякулированном семени определяли CD25<sup>+</sup>-маркер и CD95<sup>+</sup>-маркер, содержание р53, bax и активность каспазы-3, процентное содержание AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>–</sup>-сперматозоидов и AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>-сперматозоидов. Для оценки влияния ароматических углеводородов на показатели, контролирующие апоптоз, пробы семенной жидкости инкубировали с бензолом в концентрации 0,001 мкг/мл (опытные пробы) в течение 72 ч при температуре 37°С. В качестве контроля использованы образцы спермы, которые инкубировали в идентичных условиях, без добавления бензола.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты. </bold>Установлено, что в опытных образцах спермы после внесения бензола статистически значимо (р = 0,023–0,026) снижается (в среднем на 50% от исходного уровня) содержание р53, активность каспазы-3 и количество погибших мужских половых клеток (AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>-сперматозоиды). При этом добавление в образцы эякулированного семени бензола не изменяло ранний активационный профиль гамет (по критерию CD25<sup>+</sup>), готовности клеток к запуску FAS-зависимого апоптоза (CD95<sup>+</sup>) и количество сперматозоидов, маркированных для гибели путём апоптоза (AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>–</sup>-сперматозоиды).</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение. </bold>Результаты иммунологического тестирования продемонстрировали, что бензол в системе in vitro приводит к снижению значений показателей клеточной гибели, нарушая жизненный цикл сперматозоида. На примере бензола показано, что гаптенная контаминация способна изменять фертильность спермы, ассоциированную с дисбалансом проапоптотических факторов и нарушением функции мужской репродуктивной системы. Показатели программированной клеточной гибели bax, р53, каспаза-3, CD25-позитивные, FAS-позитивные, AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>–</sup>-сперматозоиды и AnnexinV-FITC<sup>+</sup>PI<sup>+</sup>-сперматозоиды в эякуляте рекомендуются для диагностики и контроля нарушения фертильности сперматозоидов.</italic></p><p><bold>Участие авторов: </bold></p><p><italic>Долгих О.В. —</italic> концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование;</p><p><italic>Дианова Д.Г. —</italic> концепция и дизайн исследования, написание текста;</p><p><italic>Аликина И.Н. —</italic> сбор и обработка материала;</p><p><italic>Кривцов А.В. —</italic> статистическая обработка.</p><p><italic>Все соавторы —</italic> утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи.</p><p><bold>Конфликт интересов.</bold> Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p><p><bold>Финансирование. </bold>Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки. Работа выполнена по теме из Плана НИР ФБУН «ФНЦ медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» «Исследование репродуктивных нарушений у мужчин, связанных с воздействием вредных и опасных производственных факторов, и обоснование молекулярно-генетических маркеров их диагностики», № НОКР АААА-А20-120080790015-5.</p><p>Поступила: 27.07.2021 / Принята к печати: 28.09.2021 / Опубликована: 31.10.2021</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>benzene</kwd><kwd>contamination</kwd><kwd>sperm</kwd><kwd>cell death</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бензол</kwd><kwd>контаминация</kwd><kwd>сперматозоид</kwd><kwd>клеточная гибель</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sataeva T.P., Koval’chuk A.V., Kutya S.A. Sperm life cycle. Norm and violations. Krymskiy zhurnal eksperimental’noy i klinicheskoy meditsiny. 2018; 8(1): 113–22. 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