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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">639679</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-6-610-617</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИГИЕНА ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Screening and post-screening of air pollution markers in mixed saliva of preschool children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Скрининг и пост-скрининг маркеров загрязнения атмосферного воздуха в пробах слюны детей дошкольного возраста</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0170-3085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khripach</surname><given-names>Ludmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хрипач</surname><given-names>Людмила Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Ph.D., DSci., head of the laboratory of biochemical and molecular genetics methods, Centre for Strategic Planning, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia.</p><p>e-mail: LKhripach@csp</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биол. наук, зав. лаб. биохимических и молекулярно-генетических методов исследования ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России, 119121, Москва.</p><p>e-mail: LKhripach@cspmz.ru</p></bio><email>LKhripach@cspmz.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5279-5018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Knyazeva</surname><given-names>T. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Князева</surname><given-names>Т. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9339-9310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zheleznyak</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Железняк</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4652-1755</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makovetskaya</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маковецкая</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4622-8110</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koganova</surname><given-names>Z. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коганова</surname><given-names>З. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-7192</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Budarina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бударина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3505-8344</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sabirova</surname><given-names>Z. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабирова</surname><given-names>З. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2262-6800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ingel</surname><given-names>F. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ингель</surname><given-names>Ф. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8386-911X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demina</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демина</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6181-4628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Центр стратегического планирования и управления медико-биологическими рисками здоровью» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>99</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>610</fpage><lpage>617</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-25"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Khripach L.V., Knyazeva T.D., Zheleznyak E.V., Makovetskaya A.K., Koganova Z.I., Budarina O.V., Sabirova Z.F., Ingel F.I., Demina N.N., Lebedeva N.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Хрипач Л.В., Князева Т.Д., Железняк Е.В., Маковецкая А.К., Коганова З.И., Бударина О.В., Сабирова З.Ф., Ингель Ф.И., Демина Н.Н., Лебедева Н.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khripach L.V., Knyazeva T.D., Zheleznyak E.V., Makovetskaya A.K., Koganova Z.I., Budarina O.V., Sabirova Z.F., Ingel F.I., Demina N.N., Lebedeva N.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хрипач Л.В., Князева Т.Д., Железняк Е.В., Маковецкая А.К., Коганова З.И., Бударина О.В., Сабирова З.Ф., Ингель Ф.И., Демина Н.Н., Лебедева Н.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2021-08-09"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/639679">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/639679</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction.</bold> salivary diagnostics is a promising area that requires further research.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>The aim of the study.</bold> The two-stage study is aimed at identifying reliable biochemical and immunological markers of the influence of atmospheric air pollution in saliva samples in preschool children.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Material and methods.</bold> Mixed saliva samples were taken from 112 children aged 5-7 years in 6 kindergartens located at distances of 1.7-5.9 km from the complex of agricultural processing enterprises. At the screening stage, the intensity of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LC), levels of secretory IgA (sIgA), IL-8, uric acid, activities of α-amylase, and lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) were determined in saliva samples; at the post-screening stage, IL-1b and IL-6 were added.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Results.</bold> In children at the screening stage only those markers that can be considered as indirect signs of phagocyte activation were associated with exposure levels to industrial zone emissions by significant equations: CL (y=6.98-0.17 x; p=7.2*10<sup>-9</sup>); IL-8 (y=776.2-83.2 x; p=3*10<sup>-4</sup>); NAG (y=13.94-0.93 x; p=0.037). To check whether this coincidence is random, we selected two additional markers in the form of functional “fork”: IL-1β (leukocyte pyrogen) and IL-6 (cofactor of B-lymphocyte differentiation). Methods of regression, correlation, and cluster analysis confirmed all 4 “phagocytic” markers significantly to increase along the gradient of industrial emissions and form a single cluster, cross-linked with significant correlation coefficients. IL-6 saliva content was associated with exposure levels by a rise-fall relationship, and, contrary to conventional beliefs, had no connection with sIgA content. The last finding may be related to the lack of ability of IL-6 and defensins to induce sIgA in mice [Boyaka et al., 2001].</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The survey results suppose that emission gradient from the industrial zone contains PM and does not contain haptens or immunotoxic compounds. Post-screening can be a useful technique when using saliva samples as insufficiently studied objects.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение.</bold> Неинвазивная диагностика с использованием проб смешанной слюны является перспективным направлением, которое требует дальнейших исследований. Данное двухэтапное исследование направлено на выявление достоверных биохимических и иммунологических маркеров влияния загрязнений атмосферного воздуха в пробах слюны детей дошкольного возраста.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Пробы смешанной слюны были отобраны у 112 детей 5-7 лет из 6 детских садов, расположенных на расстояниях 1,7-5,9 км от комплекса предприятий по переработке сельскохозяйственной продукции. На этапе скрининга в пробах слюны определяли интенсивность люминол-зависимой хемилюминесценции (ЛЗХЛ), содержание секреторного IgA (sIgA), ИЛ-8, мочевой кислоты, активность α-амилазы и лизосомального фермента N-ацетил-β-D-глюкозаминидазы (NAG); на этапе пост-скрининга - содержание ИЛ-1β и ИЛ-6.</italic></p><p><italic><bold>Результаты.</bold> Скрининг показал, что только те маркеры, которые можно рассматривать как косвенные признаки активации фагоцитов, связаны с уровнями экспозиции детей выбросами промзоны достоверными уравнениями: ЛЗХЛ (y = 6,98-0,17x; p = 7,2 • 10<sup>-9</sup>); ИЛ-8 (y = 776,2-83,2x; p = 3 • 10<sup>-4</sup>); NAG (y = 13,94-0,93x; p = 0,037). Чтобы проверить, не является ли это совпадение случайным, было подобрано еще 2 показателя в виде функциональной «вилки»: ИЛ-1β (лейкоцитарный пироген) и ИЛ-6 (кофактор дифференцировки В-лимфоцитов). Методами регрессионного, корреляционного и кластерного анализа подтверждено, что все 4 «фагоцитарных» маркера достоверно увеличиваются по мере приближения детских садов к промзоне и образуют единый кластер, перешитый достоверными коэффициентами взаимной корреляции. Содержание ИЛ-6 было связано с уровнями экспозиции зависимостью подъем-спад и вопреки общепринятым представлениям не имело никакой связи с содержанием sIgA. Полученные данные, возможно, имеют отношение к отсутствию способности ИЛ-6 и дефензинов индуцировать sIgA у мышей [Boyaka et al., 2001]. </italic></p><p><italic><bold>Заключение.</bold> Результаты обследования свидетельствуют о том, что градиент выбросов промзоны содержит взвешенные вещества и не содержит гаптенов или иммунотоксичных соединений. Пост-скрининг может оказаться полезным приемом при использовании проб слюны как недостаточно изученного объекта.</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>outdoor air pollution</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>mixed saliva</kwd><kwd>luminol-enchanced chemiluminescence</kwd><kwd>IL-1β</kwd><kwd>L-6</kwd><kwd>IL-8</kwd><kwd>sIgA</kwd><kwd>exposition-response relationships</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>загрязнение атмосферного воздуха</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>смешанная слюна</kwd><kwd>люминол-зависимая хемилюминесценция</kwd><kwd>ИЛ-1β</kwd><kwd>ИЛ-6</kwd><kwd>ИЛ-8</kwd><kwd>секреторный IgA</kwd><kwd>зависимость «экспозиция - эффект»</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Miller C.S., Foley J.D., Bailey A.L., Campell C.L., Humphries R.L., Christodoulides N. et al. Current developments in salivary diagnostics. 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