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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678771</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-3-353-357</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">mcohej</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of cytokine expression under its modification with vaccine viral antigens (SARS-CoV-2 and Influenzavirus) and benzo(a)pyrene in experimental models in vitro</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности экспрессии цитокинов в условиях её модификации вакцинными антигенами вирусов (SARS-CoV-2 и Influenzavirus) и бенз(а)пиреном на экспериментальных моделях in vitro</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2356-1145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaitseva</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Нина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the RAS, Scientific Director of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Академик РАН, доктор мед. наук, профессор, научный руководитель ФБУН «ФНЦ медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>znv@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-9234</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starkova</surname><given-names>Ksenia G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старкова</surname><given-names>Ксения Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (Biology), head of the Laboratory of immunology and allergology, Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. иммунологии и аллергологии ФБУН «ФНЦ медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>skg@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-3145</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgikh</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгих</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Department of Immunobiological Diagnostic Methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор мед. наук, профессор, зав. отд. иммунобиологических методов диагностики, ФБУН «ФНЦ медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>oleg@fcrisk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-2448</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shirinkina</surname><given-names>Alisa S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ширинкина</surname><given-names>Алиса Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher of the Department of Immunobiological Diagnostic Methods of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, Perm, 614045, Russian Federation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Науч. сотр. отд. иммунобиологических методов диагностики ФБУН «ФНЦ медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения», 614045, Пермь, Россия</p></bio><email>shirinkina.ali@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Health Risk Management</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 104, NO3 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 104, №3 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>353</fpage><lpage>357</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-21"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/678771">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/678771</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic><bold>Introduction. </bold>In this study, we estimated features of modifying effects produced by benzo(a)pyrene well as by vaccine antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 and Influenzavirus viruses on the cytokine profile indicators under experimental conditions in vitro.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> To assess the cytokine-producing function, there was studied a mixed population of immunocytes, which was cultured for 72 hours, followed by analyzing the cytokine profile by enzyme immunoassay. Benzo(a)pyrene and viral vaccine antigens S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and hemagglutinins of Influenzaviruses of types A and B were used as inducing factors (modifiers).</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Results.</bold> For exposure to benzo(a)pyrene in vitro there was noted multidirectional modification of cytokine mediator production with activation of IL-8 expression and suppression of IL-6 production (p=0.003–0.047). Similar changes in cytokine expression persisted under combined load with SARS-CoV-2 and Influenzavirus viral antigens. SARS-CoV-2 antigens predominantly stimulated the expression of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-8), while activation of the cytokine profile by Influenzavirus antigens was limited by an increase in IL-8 expression with its maximum achieved under combined (SARS-CoV-2 + Influenzavirus) viral load (p=0.002–0.047). Simultaneous introduction of benzo(a)pyrene and viral antigens into the cell culture involved an increase in expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α (p=0.004–0.038).</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Limitations.</bold> The limitations of the in vitro methodological approach are associated with ambiguity as regards translation and extrapolation of the results and conclusions obtained using cellular and subcellular models to processes formed within a macroorganism.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The results of the study clarify and supplement the ideas about participation of cytokine compartments of intercellular interactions in development of immune and inflammatory processes associated with persisting SARS-CoV-2 and Influenzavirus and modifying effects of benzo(a)pyrene. This made it possible to verify features of combined effects produced by chemical and biological factors in experimental models in vitro (imbalance in expression of IL-8 and IL-6), to identify markers of their effects for evaluating effectiveness of measures aimed at preventing socially significant viral infections under destabilization of the environment.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Compliance with ethical standards.</bold> The study was carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (revised 2013) and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (1999), according to the principles of “Good Clinical Practice” (GOST R 52379–2005) and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Technologies for Public Health Risk Management (Protocol No. 12 dated 03/14/2023). All donors signed voluntary informed consent to participate in the study.</italic></p> <p><bold>Contribution:</bold> <italic>Zaitseva N.V. – </italic>study concept and design, editing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript; <italic>Starkova K.G. – </italic>study concept and design, data collection and analysis, writing the text; <italic>Dolgikh O.V. – </italic>study concept and design, editing the text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript; <italic>Shirinkina A.S. – </italic>data collection and analysis. <italic>All authors</italic> are responsible for the approval of the manuscript final version.</p> <p><bold>Conflict of interest</bold>. The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p> <p><bold>Acknowledgement.</bold> The study had no sponsorship.</p> <p>Received: February 19, 2025 / Accepted: March 6, 2025 / Published: March 31, 2025</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic><bold>Введение. </bold>Проведена оценка особенностей модифицирующего действия бенз(а)пирена на показатели цитокинового профиля, а также вакцинных антигенов вирусов SARS-CoV-2 и Influenzavirus в условиях эксперимента in vitro.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследована смешанная популяция иммуноцитов, выделенная на градиенте плотности смеси фиколла и верографина, в условиях культивации в течение 72 ч с последующим анализом цитокинового профиля методом иммуноферментного анализа. В качестве индуцирующих факторов (модификаторов) использовали бенз(а)пирен, вирусные вакцинные антигены S-белок SARS-CoV-2 и гемагглютинины вирусов гриппа типа A и B.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Результаты. </bold>Установлена разнонаправленная модификация продукции цитокиновых медиаторов для условий экспозиции in vitro бенз(а)пиреном, сопровождающаяся активацией экспрессии IL-8 и угнетением продукции IL-6 (р = 0,003–0,047). Аналогичные изменения экспрессии цитокинов сохранялись и для условий сочетанной нагрузки с вирусными антигенами SARS-CoV-2 и Influenzavirus. Антигены SARS-CoV-2 преимущественно стимулировали экспрессию цитокинов (IL-1β, IL-10 и IL-8), при этом активация цитокинового профиля антигенами Influenzavirus ограничивалась повышением экспрессии IL-8 с достижением максимального её уровня в условиях комбинированной (SARS-CoV-2 + Influenzavirus) вирусной нагрузки (р = 0,002–0,047). Одновременное внесение в культуру клеток бенз(а)пирена и вирусных антигенов сопровождалось усилением экспрессии провоспалительных цитокинов IL-1β и TNF-α (p = 0,004–0,038).</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Ограничения исследования. </bold>Ограничения методического подхода in vitro связаны с неоднозначностью трансляции (переноса) и экстраполяции результатов, полученных на клеточных и субклеточных моделях, на процессы, происходящие в макроорганизме.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Заключение.</bold> Результаты исследования дополняют и уточняют представления об участии цитокиновых компартментов межклеточных взаимодействий в механизме развития иммуновоспалительных процессов, ассоциированных с персистенцией вирусов SARS-CoV-2 и Influenzavirus и модифицирующим воздействием бенз(а)пирена. Исследование позволило верифицировать на экспериментальных моделях in vitro особенности сочетанного воздействия химических и биологических факторов (дисбаланс экспрессии IL-8 и IL-6), идентифицировать маркёры их эффектов для оценки эффективности мероприятий по профилактике социально значимых вирусных инфекций в условиях дестабилизации среды обитания.</italic></p> <p><italic><bold>Соблюдение этических стандартов.</bold> Исследование выполнено в соответствии с Хельсинкской декларацией Всемирной медицинской ассоциации (пересмотр 2013 г.) и Конвенцией о защите прав и достоинства человека в связи с применением достижений биологии и медицины: Конвенцией о правах человека и биомедицине (1999 г.), согласно принципам «Надлежащая клиническая практика» (ГОСТ Р 52379–2005), и одобрено Локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН «Федеральный научный центр медико-профилактических технологий управления рисками здоровью населения» Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 12 от 14.03.2023 г.). Все доноры подписали добровольное информированное согласие на участие в исследовании.</italic></p> <p><bold>Участие авторов: </bold><italic>Зайцева Н.В.</italic> – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи; <italic>Старкова К.Г.</italic> – концепция и дизайн исследования, сбор и обработка материала, написание текста; <italic>Долгих О.В.</italic> – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование, ответственность за целостность всех частей статьи; <italic>Ширинкина А.С.</italic> – сбор и обработка материала. <italic>Все соавторы</italic> – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи.</p> <p><bold>Конфликт интересов. </bold>Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.</p> <p><bold>Финансирование. </bold>Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.</p> <p>Поступила: 19.02.2025 / Принята к печати: 06.03.2025 / Опубликована: 31.03.2025</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Cytokines</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2 virus</kwd><kwd>Influαenzavirus virus</kwd><kwd>in vitro experiment</kwd><kwd>benzo(a)pyrene</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>вирус SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>вирус Influenzavirus</kwd><kwd>эксперимент in vitro</kwd><kwd>бенз(а)пирен</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. 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