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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Hygiene and Sanitation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гигиена и санитария</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0016-9900</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0650</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691572</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47470/0016-9900-2025-104-6-793-798</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">cyhiih</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ И ГИГИЕНИЧЕСКОЕ НОРМИРОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neurotoxicity of PbO nanoparticles following subchronic inhalation exposure of laboratory animals studied at the level of gene expression and metabolome</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейротоксичность ингаляционного воздействия наночастиц оксида свинца на лабораторных животных на уровне экспрессии генов и метаболома</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8794-7288</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kikot</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кикоть</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>kikotam@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5576-365X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Unesikhina</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Унесихина</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>unesihinams@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-3406</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaikhova</surname><given-names>Daria R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаихова</surname><given-names>Дарья Рамильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>darya.boo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4109-9268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bereza</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берёза</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>berezaia@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1871-8593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minigalieva</surname><given-names>Ilzira A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минигалиева</surname><given-names>Ильзира Амировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>ilzira-minigalieva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0780-5733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikogosyan</surname><given-names>Karen M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никогосян</surname><given-names>Карен Мерсопович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>nikoghosyankm@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1743-7642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutunkova</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутункова</surname><given-names>Марина Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>sutunkova@ymrc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Екатеринбургский медицинский научный центр профилактики и охраны здоровья рабочих промпредприятий» Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Уральский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 104, NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 104, №6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>793</fpage><lpage>798</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-28"><day>28</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/691572">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0016-9900/article/view/691572</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The study of toxicity of lead oxide nanoparticles (PbO NPs) is relevant owing to their ubiquity in the environment and human health impact with the focus on their neurotoxic effects. Apoptosis induced by irreversible DNA damage is one of the possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity. To confirm this hypothesis, studies of ATM and MDM2 gene expression and metabolomic analysis were conducted.The purpose was to establish neurotoxicity of inhalation exposure of laboratory animals to PbO NPs using gene expression analysis and metabolomics.Materials and methods. The subchronic experiment with inhalation exposure to PbO NPs at the concentration of 1.55 ± 0.06 mg/m3 was conducted on twenty female albino rats equally divided into exposure and control groups for 5 days a week during 4 weeks. The mRNA level of the ATM and MDM2 genes in olfactory bulbs in the rats was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Semi-quantitative metabolomic analysis of animal brain tissues was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results. ATM gene expression in the olfactory bulb was statistically higher in the exposed animals compared to the controls (p &lt; 0.05). Metabolome analysis revealed changes in the metabolism of lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, acylcarnitines, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fatty acid amide, phosphorylcholine, inosine, and hypoxanthine in the exposed rodents. For the combination of metabolites detected, a ROC curve with an AUC value of 0.903 was constructed.Limitations. The study was conducted using female Wistar rats with no potential sex differences considered.Conclusion. Taken together, the obtained gene expression and metabolomics data indicate that inhalation exposure to PbO NPs at the concentration of 1,55 ± 0,06 mg/m3 induces ATM-mediated p53-induced apoptosis in the animal brain.Compliance with ethical standards. The local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers concluded that the animals were kept, fed, cared for, and sacrificed in accordance with generally accepted requirements, taking into account the ARRIVE guidelines. Ethics approval was provided by the Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (protocol No. 5 of October 16, 2023). Contribution: Kikot A.M. — data processing, statistical analysis, draft manuscript preparation, editing; Unesikhina M.S. — data collection and processing, statistical analysis, draft manuscript preparation, editing; Shaikhova D.R. — data processing, editing; Bereza I.A. — data collection and processing, editing; Nikogosyan K.M. — data collection, editing; Minigalieva I.A. — study conception and design, editing; Sutunkova M.P. — study conception and design. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: March 28, 2025 / Accepted: June 26, 2025 / Published: July 31, 2025</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Изучение токсичности наночастиц оксида свинца (НЧ PbO) является актуальной задачей в связи с их повсеместной распространённостью в окружающей среде и влиянием на здоровье населения. Особое внимание вызывают нейротоксичные эффекты НЧ PbO. Один из возможных механизмов нейротоксичности – апоптотический процесс, вызванный необратимым повреждением ДНК. Для подтверждения данной гипотезы были проведены исследования экспрессии генов ATM, MDM2 и метаболомный анализ.Цель исследования – изучение нейротоксичности ингаляционного воздействия НЧ PbO на лабораторных животных с помощью анализа экспрессии генов и метаболомики.Материалы и методы. Субхронический эксперимент, заключавшийся в ингаляционном воздействии НЧ PbO в концентрации 1,55 ± 0,06 мг/м3 в течение четырёх недель (за исключением выходных дней), был проведён на 20 белых самках крыс, разделённых на опытную и контрольную группы. Уровень мРНК генов ATM и MDM2 в обонятельной луковице крыс определяли количественной ПЦР в реальном времени. Полуколичественный метаболомный анализ тканей мозга животных проводили с помощью жидкостной хромато-масс-спектрометрии.Результаты. Экспрессия гена ATM в обонятельной луковице была статистически значимо (р &lt; 0,05) выше у животных опытной группы по сравнению с контрольной. Метаболомный анализ выявил у животных из опытной группы изменения в метаболизме лизофосфатидилэтаноламинов, лизофосфатидилхолинов, ацилкарнитинов, омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, амида жирной кислоты, фосфорилхолина, инозина и гипоксантина. Для комбинации обнаруженных метаболитов была построена ROC-кривая со значением AUC = 0,903.Ограничения исследования. Данная работа выполнена на самках крыс породы Wistar и не учитывает возможных межполовых различий.Заключение. В совокупности полученные данные анализа экспрессии генов и метаболомики свидетельствуют о том, что ингаляционное воздействие НЧ PbO в концентрации 1,55 ± 0,06 мг/м3 вызывает опосредованный ATM p53-индуцированный апоптоз в мозге животных.Соблюдение этических стандартов. Заключение локального этического комитета ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора: содержание, питание, уход за животными и выведение их из эксперимента осуществляли в соответствии с общепринятыми требованиями с учётом ARRIVE guidelines. Исследования были одобрены локальным этическим комитетом ФБУН ЕМНЦ ПОЗРПП Роспотребнадзора (протокол № 5 от 16.10.2023 г.).Участие авторов: Кикоть А.М. – обработка данных, статистическая обработка, написание текста, редактирование; Унесихина М.С. – сбор материала и обработка данных, статистическая обработка, написание текста, редактирование; Шаихова Д.Р. – обработка данных, редактирование; Берёза И.А. – сбор материала и обработка данных, редактирование; Никогосян К.М. – сбор материала, редактирование; Минигалиева И.А. – концепция и дизайн исследования, редактирование; Сутункова М.П. – концепция и дизайн исследования. Все соавторы – утверждение окончательного варианта статьи, ответственность за целостность всех её частей.Конфликт интересов. Авторы декларируют отсутствие явных и потенциальных конфликтов интересов в связи с публикацией данной статьи.Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.Поступила: 28.03.2025 / Принята к печати: 26.06.2025 / Опубликована: 31.07.2025</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lead nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>metabolites</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>neurotoxicity of nanoparticles</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>наночастицы свинца</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>метаболиты</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>нейротоксичность наночастиц</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sutunkova M.P., Solovyeva S.N., Chernyshov I.N., Klinova S.V., Gurvich V.B., Shur V.Ya., et al. Manifestation of systemic toxicity in rats after a short-time inhalation of lead oxide nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020; 21(3): 690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030690</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Elgharabawy R.M., Alhowail A.H., Emara A.M., Aldubayan M.A., Ahmed A.S. 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