Vol 105, No 2 (2026)

Introduction. The noise under the aircraft fly pass is the one of many sources of noise in residential areas. The domestic regulatory documentation concerning noise measurements and assessment in residential areas contains insufficient and even contradictory requirements which fail to allow determining correct acoustic parameters and the impact of aircraft noise assessment on comfortable living conditions and public health. It is necessary to measure the equivalent and maximum sound levels A for reference intervals of 15 minutes during representative observation periods during the day and night, or for the entire 24 hours.

With the introduction of SanPiN 1.2.3685–21 and the cancellation of SP 2.1.8.3565–19, the requirements for determining of the possibility of placing capital construction facilities in the seventh subzone of the airfield territory are determined by the Methodology for establishing the seventh subzone of the airfield territory, calculating and assessing risks to human health, approved by Order of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) dated 12/07/2022 N 664. This order and orders of Rospotrebnadzor dated 02/28/2024 No 150 and No. 963 dated 05.12.2024 on amendments to the Methodology do not address the problems of the correctness of measurements of normalized and auxiliary parameters of the aircraft noise.

Materials and methods. The requirements of regulatory and methodological documents on measurements of normalized noise parameters have been analyzed. Direct measurements of sound levels were taken using digital instruments. The measurement results processing were based on the analysis of sound level chronograms, which were processed using special software.

Results. The rules for determining the level of background noise and the duration of aircraft noise have been proposed. Proposals for improving the requirements of MUC 4.3.3722–21 have been developed and substantiated.

Limitation. The study is limited to the scope of MUC 4.3.3722–21.

Conclusion. Aircraft noise in residential areas measuring technology with chronograms of sound levels analyzing for hygienic control and justification of the possibility of placing capital construction facilities in the seventh subzone of the airfield area based on a predictive assessment of the sound level has been developed and scientifically substantiated.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

Contribution:
Bukhtiyarov I.V. – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Prokopenko L.V. – concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Courierov N.N. – concept and design of the study, analysis of normative and methodological documentation, field measurements, calculations and analysis of results, writing the text;
Lagutina A.V. – analysis of normative and methodological documentation, writing the text, editing;
Dzhikiya I.Z. – field measurements.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: May 12, 2025 / Revised: November 11, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Informal settlements in Namibia face chronic sanitation challenges that jeopardize both the health and economic stability of their residents. This article presents a dual case study of the Democratic Resettlement Community (DRC) in Swakopmund, combining two original research projects to examine how poor sanitation affects both household well-being and small business performance. Using a hybrid conceptual framework that draws on environmental health theory and urban political ecology, the study analyses qualitative and quantitative data collected between 2021 and 2023. Findings from the first study reveal that inadequate sanitation infrastructure marked by open defecation, inaccessible public toilets, and exposure to waste leads to significant health costs, particularly for children, and forces households to divert income toward medical care and hygiene needs. The second study highlights how sanitation-related limitations, such as water scarcity, long travel distances to toilets, and customer aversion to unhygienic environments, lead to product spoilage, business closures, and heightened vulnerability to theft. Together, the findings demonstrate that sanitation is not a compartmentalized public health issue but a multidimensional urban development challenge that constrains both human well-being and economic productivity. The article recommends an integrated sanitation strategy led by municipalities, the Ministry of Health and Social Services, local entrepreneurs, and community groups. Such a strategy must prioritize affordable infrastructure, youth-led sanitation initiatives, and inclusive policy dialogue. Ultimately, achieving urban sustainability in Namibia demands that sanitation be reframed as both a health right and an economic enabler.

Compliance with ethical standards. Both the studies that form the empirical basis for this paper were approved by the Decentralized Ethical Committee at the University of Namibia (Certificates numbers: UNAM-DEC-HSS/07/04/2021 of 18/05/2021 AND DEC-OSH-0025 of 17/12/2022) and were conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (2013 edition).

Contribution:
Kamanzi A.F. – Concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;
Shapumba S. – collection of material and data processing, editing;
Shilongo O.M.D. – collection of material and data processing, editing.
All co-authors – approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. The study had no financial support.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare the absence of obvious and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the publication of this article.

Received: June 15, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. Disinvasion of environmental objects using microwave radiation has recently become increasingly widespread due to the ease of operation and low maintenance costs of the equipment. This indicates to the need to find new methods for assessing their effectiveness. The existing methodology is intended to assess disinvasion after long-lasting exposure to chemical disinfectant solutions and is not intended to assess the effectiveness of disinvasion of a short-term physical factor. We conducted a study during which we developed a new method for assessing the effectiveness of disinvasion when using microwave emitters.

Materials and methods. For the study, aqueous suspensions of Enterobius vermicularis and Dibothriocephalus latus (Diphyllobothrium latum) eggs obtained from sexually mature individuals, and aqueous suspensions of Entamoeba coli cysts and Opisthorchis felineus eggs obtained from faeces, were used. After treatment using a microwave installation, the test and control samples were counted and assessed for the viability of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts. For comparison, the efficiency of disinvasion was also calculated using the formula suggested by A.P. Simonov.

Results. The effectiveness of disinfection against contact parasitosis Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba coli using a microwave installation is 98.68% and 99.86%, respectively, according to the Simonov formula and 99.33% and 100.00%, respectively, according to the new formula. The effectiveness of disinfection in calculations using both formulas is comparable, the interpretation of the results coincides and is interpreted as highly effective.

Limitations. Evaluation of disinfection effectiveness by this technique is limited to Enterobius vermicularis, Diphyllobothrium latum, Opisthorchis felineus, Entamoeba coli species and requires testing for other helminths and protozoa.

Conclusion. The effectiveness of exposure to microwave radiation for the invasive stages of contact transmission pathogens (Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba coli) was 99–100%, this fact opens up prospects for microwave radiation using for the disinfection of transmission factors of these widespread pathogens.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Vidmanova M.V. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Lyamin A.V., Khaliulin A.V. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material;
Kaiumov K.A. – processing of material, writing a text, editing;
Kozlov A.V. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material;
Yatsenko T.V. – the concept and design of the study;
Ismatullin D.D. – collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approve of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 7, 2025 / Revised: October 6, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. Modern digitalization of education, despite its advantages, is associated with alarming trends in the deterioration of the health in schoolchildren. To ensure optimal cognitive load and preserve the health in students, there is a need to develop differentiated hygienic requirements for multimedia and interactive educational content for high school students, taking into account the specifics of various types of educational activities and their impact on the functional state of the body.

Materials and methods. A prospective study conducted as part of a field experiment based on schools in St. Petersburg included seventy five senior high school students, which compared the impact of lessons with and without multimedia content, taking into account the type of educational activity. To assess the functional state of the central nervous system and the visual analyzer before and after classes, methods were used to measure a simple sensorimotor response and the critical frequency of fusion of light flashes.

Results. The study revealed a dual effect of multimedia content: on the one hand, it contributed to improving CNS performance (reducing sensorimotor response time), on the other, it caused significant visual fatigue, especially when working with high-media materials. At the same time, the effect on cognitive functions strongly depended on the pedagogical scenario — the most adverse effect was observed with constant switching of attention between the screen and the notebook.

Limitations. The limitation of this study is its focus on a specific cohort of 75 conditionally healthy St. Petersburg high school students, which does not allow extrapolating the conclusions to all adolescent populations, as well as taking into account only certain types of multimedia content while maintaining general hygienic conditions.

Conclusion. The study demonstrates the ambivalent effect of digital learning: multimedia content reduces cognitive load, but increases the risk of visual fatigue by 1.6–3.4 times. The key factor is not the type of content, but the pedagogical scenario of its use, where chaotic eye switching between the screen and the exercise-book is especially harmful. The optimal result is achieved with a dosed combination of digital and traditional learning formats.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Directives of the European Community (8/609EC). The study was approved by the local Ethics committee of the I.I. Mechnikov Northwestern State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (minutes of meeting No. 9 dated 10/12/2022). Written informed consent was received from the management of educational institutionsorganizations, parents of students and high school students themselves. All participants in the study expressed their full agreement to participate in it.

Contribution:
Koroleva A.A. – the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing text;
Yanushanets O.I. – study concept and design, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 10, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. The paper presents data on the contribution of tritium to the radiation dose to members of the public living in the Mayak PA monitoring area.

Materials and methods. Water from central water supply, wells, boreholes, surface reservoirs, locally produced foodstuffs, atmospheric air, and urine were studied in members of the population. Air sampling was carried out by moisture adsorption on NaX zeolite followed by moisture extraction, measurements of tritium specific activity in liquid media were carried out by the liquid scintillation method.

Results. The annual committed effective dose from tritium intake with drinking water and locally produced foodstuffs was (0.5±0.2) µSv/year, which coincides with the annual committed effective dose estimated from tritium content in urine. Consumption of drinking water from local sources was the largest contributor (about 65%) to tritium intake. The contribution of tritium to the total annual committed effective dose to members of the population from the main dose-forming radionuclides was on average 2%.

Limitations are related to the fact that the selected environmental objects are located close to the industrial site, thus the results of the study allow judging the radiation situation only in the area limited by the facility’s monitoring area.

Conclusion. Although the contribution of tritium to the committed effective dose to members of the population due to current discharges from the Mayak PA is 2%, tritium is one of the radionuclides that determine the total committed effective dose to the population (at least 99%), which makes it necessary to provide tritium monitoring in the facility’s monitoring area. Particular attention should be paid to drinking water supply sources.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require a biomedical ethics committee opinion. All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Barchukov V.G. – research concept and design, structuring of the article;
Ushakov I.B. – research concept and design, editing;
Murashova E.L. – research concept and design, material collection and data processing, text writing;
Maksimov A.A. – data processing, text writing;
Sibirkin A.V. – material collection and data processing;
Kabanov D.I., Lizunov V.Yu. – data processing, editing;
Polskaya M.K. – data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study was carried out as part of the state assignment ‘Development of a system for control of tritium content in various media, code “Trek-1”, registration number: АААА-А19-119031190033-1.

Received: April 10, 2025 / Revised: July 7, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. The work of medical workers at PCR laboratories during the pandemic is classified as a high-risk occupational activity.

The purpose of the study. Comparative assessment of the working conditions in medical workers at PCR laboratories during both the COVID-19 pandemic and a normal epidemic situation.

Materials and methods. Measurement and assessment of factors at workplaces were carried out by generally accepted methods. Measurement and assessment of local vibration parameters were carried out by an analyzer of the 10 accuracy class ASSISTANT V3RT. Chronometric observation was carried out (7 person-shifts).

Results. Working conditions according to the biological factor are classified as harmful – third class, third degree (3.3). No differences in the microclimate and lighting parameters in PCR laboratories during the COVID-19 pandemic and during a normal epidemic situation were found. Local vibration parameters when working on the Vortex V3 shaker correspond to mid-frequency (75–200 Hz). Exceeding the maximum permissible level at octave frequencies from 8 Hz to 63 Hz were detected; the maximum excess was recorded along the Y axis of 11.5 dB, which corresponds to class 3 of the 4^th degree of working conditions. The duration of exposure to local vibration during the pandemic period is 4–5 times longer than in a calm epidemic situation (the number of samples per work shift is more than 800 and 150–200, respectively). Differences in the assessment of the severity and intensity of work were revealed, which is also associated with the intensity of the load. During the pandemic, the number of small stereotypical movements per shift reached 41–45 thousand, which corresponds to class 3.1 of working conditions in terms of severity.

Limitations. Missing.

Conclusion. The revealed differences in the working conditions in medical workers at PCR laboratories during both the COVID-19 pandemic and a normal epidemic situation allow concluding that there is a higher risk of developing occupational diseases associated with functional overstrain of the joints of the fingers, wrist, and the muscular-ligamentous apparatus of the hand when exposed to local vibration during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Volgograd State Medical University (meeting minutes No. 2025/022, 03/28/2025), conducted in accordance with the generally accepted scientific principles of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (2013 edition). All participants gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Shkarin V.V. – study concept and design, editing;
Latyshevskaya N.I. – study concept and design, data processing, writing, editing;
Yatsyshena T.L. – study concept and design, data collection and data processing, writing, editing;
Orlov D.V. – data collection and data processing, writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 8, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. Coke chemical industry is noted for workers’ exposure to a whole range of adverse occupational factors, including chemical pollutants, poor microclimate, noise, vibration, and heavy physical work. Hemotoxic and carcinogenic benzene and its homologues pose a particular hazard. Studying the general mechanisms of their effects is a priority area of ​​fundamental hygiene science.

The aim of the study. To examine health effects of harmful occupational factors in coke workers by duration of current employment.

Materials and Methods. We tested peripheral blood samples taken from coke workers exposed to benzene and phenol and compared the results with those of the controls matched by sex and age but unexposed to these chemicals. We analyzed working conditions, hematological and biochemical parameters.

Results. The correlation and regression analysis revealed a number of relationships between certain red blood cell and platelet parameters and occupational exposure duration and showed altered cellular and biochemical blood parameters. Significant changes in markers of hypoxia were observed in the exposed workers.

Limitations. These are determined by the scope of the study, which focused on working conditions and the health status in workers at a single coke plant. The small sample size precludes definitive cause-and-effect conclusions regarding the factors affecting hematological disorders. The study considered only the effect of harmful industrial factors on deviations in hematological and biochemical indices in workers.

Conclusions. The established alterations show inhibition of general resistance in coke workers exposed to occupational hazards. Our findings can serve as the basis for developing measures for the timely detection and prevention of disease risks. Only harmful production factors were observed in terms of deviations in hematological and biochemical parameters among workers in various workshops.

Compliance with ethical standards. All data were analyzed in a depersonalized form; therefore, approval from the ethics committee was not required.

Contribution:
Shabardina L.V. – data collection and analysis, draft manuscript preparation;
Minigalieva I.A., Sutunkova M.P., Fedoruk A.A. – study conception and design, editing;
Panov V.G., Mikushina N.A. – data analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of its final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: October 30, 2025 / Accepted: December 2, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. In conditions of high chemical load and the increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, it seems relevant to study the effect of the most common food additives on cognitive functions.

The aim is to study the effect of increased doses of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, and ascorbic acid on the cognitive functions in white laboratory rats in a rectangular maze, taking into account the ability of the animal’s body to recover after exposure to this mixture.

Materials and methods. The study of changes in the chemical composition of the brain under the influence of a mixture of food additives at different dose levels by capillary electrophoresis was carried out in a series of experiments using laboratory mice; rats were used to assess changes in cognitive function under the influence of a mixture of food additives. For statistical processing of the obtained data, the IBM SPSS Statistics 21 package was used. Comparison of groups was carried out using one-way variance analysis.

Results. Dietary supplements have been shown to affect the chemical composition of the brain in mice by altering the concentrations of ascorbic (AA), sorbic (SA) and benzoic acids (BA). An increase in the concentration of AA in the brain was observed in all groups receiving additives, especially on day 30 of the experiment. The maximum concentration of SA was recorded at different time points of the experiment (day 5, day 12) depending on the dose of preservatives. An increased content of BA was shown on day 12 of the experiment. During the initial training phase, the supplement mixture improved the rats’ cognitive performance, reducing maze time in both sexes. On day 8, differences in the speed of completing the maze were noted between females and males (p=0.026). After the recovery stage, a deterioration in performance was recorded in both sexes, but more pronounced in females. On day 13, the best results in completing the maze were recorded in female rats.

Limitations. The study was conducted once on two types of laboratory rodents. The results obtained on rats and mice cannot always be directly transferred to humans.

Conclusions. Changes in the chemical composition of the brain in animals were observed by the 30^th day of the experiment, which indirectly correlates with some changes in cognitive functions. A neuroprotective effect of ascorbic acid is assumed, but further studies are needed to clarify the potential mechanism of the processes.

Compliance with ethical standards. Date of the meeting of the bioethics commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology 02. 08.2024 No. 01-02. The studies were carried out in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 09.22.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Smolyankin D.A., Ryabova Yu.V. ‒ study concept and design, collection and processing of materials, statistical processing of data, writing, editing;
Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Repina E.F., Valova Ya.V., Yakupova T.G., Khmel A.O. ‒ collection and processing of materials, editing;
Kurilov M.V. ‒ collection and processing of materials, statistical processing of data, editing;
Karimov D.O. ‒ study concept and design, statistical processing of data, writing, editing;
Karimov D.D. ‒ collection and processing of materials, statistical processing of data;
Akhmadeev A.R. ‒ collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The work was carried out using funds from a subsidy for the implementation of a state assignment within the framework of the industry research program of Rospotrebnadzor for 2021–2025. “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”, paragraph 6.1.8 “Scientific substantiation of approaches to assessing the toxic effect of xenobiotics based on cellular technologies and model objects”, registration number: 121062100058-8.

Received: February 2, 2025 / Accepted: June 26, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Introduction. Chemical exposure can cause a wide range of adverse health effects depending on external and internal environmental conditions. Oxidative stress can enhance responses to psychoemotional stress, which leads to a deterioration in body’s adaptation to stressful conditions. In particular, when studying effect of paracetamol under stress, it is important to evaluate behavioral response indicators, since stress can significantly modify the body’s response to pharmacological agents.

Objective. To evaluate an effect of the combined exposure to chemical factor and chronic stress to behavioral response indicators in conditions of the subchronic experiment.

Materials and methods. Experiment was conducted on Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control, chronic stress, paracetamol, combined exposure. Once a week, behavioral indicators of the groups were assessed using the "Board with holes", "Elevated plus maze", "Forced exploration of the open field", "Multifunctional cage for measuring general motor activity" cages. Hippocampal tissues for histological examination were fixed and subjected to a standard histological processing procedure.

Results. Results of "hole board" show a decrease in exploratory activity in experimental groups rats. A decrease in vertical activity in combined exposure group is also shown. In experimental groups, there were rarer and longer freezing episodes in open field in paracetamol group, as in combined exposure group, a decrease in motor activity due intoxication was observed, while in stress group a shown increase in motor activity is a marker of a high level of anxiety. Also some signs of increased level of anxiety are observed in combined exposure group, but there they are masked by motor activity decrease due to intoxication. Histological examination showed no pathological changes in brain tissue.

Limitations. Relatively small sample size, use of one animal species and one concentration of toxicant.

Conclusion. The changes observed in behavioral response indicators of combined exposure group revealed no significant increase in anxiety level.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the bioethical commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology (protocol No. 01-02 of 02/08/2024). Throughout the study, the animals were kept under standard conditions with 12 hours of artificial lighting during the day, a relatively constant level of humidity (30–70%) and an air temperature of 20–25 °C. Manipulations with all animals were carried out strictly in compliance with the rules prescribed in basic regulatory documents, including the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Strasbourg, 1986) and the Declaration of Helsinki on the Humane Treatment of Animals.

Contribution:
Karimov D.D. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing;
Gizatullina A.A. – concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, editing;
Akhmadeev A.R., Yakupova T.G., Khmel A.O, Ryabova Yu.V., Valova Ya.V. – collection and processing of material;
Karimov D.O. – concept and design of the study, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. Industry research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing for 2021–2025 “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, managing health risks and improving the quality of life.

Received: February 21, 2025 / Revised: April 14, 2025 / Accepted: June 26, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

The statistics of neurotoxicant poisonings in the world and, in particular, in Russia are alarming. Despite the fact that there is information that recently severe forms of intoxication with neurotoxicants are registered less frequently, and the initial and moderate forms that develop during long-term work with increased concentrations of neurotropic poisons predominate, neurotoxicant poisonings continue to occupy a special place among production factors. Poisonings received at industrial enterprises or in laboratories, during accidents or gross violations of safety precautions deserve special attention. Typical representatives of the group of neurotropic toxicants are representatives of the groups of heavy metals (lead, mercury, etc.), combustion products (carbon monoxide, etc.), organic solvents, for example, methanol. Thus, according to WHO data, the world production of heavy metals is growing annually by 10%, which increases the risk of poisoning. The problem of methanol poisoning is no less acute, which accounts for more than 13% of poisonings. Neurotoxicants primarily affect the central nervous system, but their detrimental effects on other human organs and systems are also noted. Intoxication with most representatives of this group of poisons leads to permanent disability, and in some cases, to death. This study analyzes original articles devoted to the issues of poisoning with neurotoxicants, presented in bibliographic and abstract databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, NEB (eLIBRARY.RU) and CyberLeninka. The causes and consequences of poisoning are described, the mechanism of action of toxicants and the symptoms of the victim’s health are briefly shown. It is concluded that even with relative safety of production, emissions of neurotropic toxicants into the environment can have serious and long-term consequences for human health.

Contribution:
Potapov P.K. – material processing, editing;
Shustov E.B. – concept and design of research, editing;
Noskov N.S. – collection and analysis of literary sources, writing the text;
Markin I.V. – formulation of conclusions, writing the text and editing the article;
Melnikova M.V. – writing the text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Funding. The scientific research was conducted within the framework of the State assignment of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia N. 388-00071-24-00 (topic code 64.004.24.800).

Received: April 6, 2025 / Revised: April 14, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: March 13, 2026

Mikhail Fedosovich Savchenkov, a Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, and Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, turned 90 on February 21, 2026.