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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cosmic Research</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cosmic Research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Космические исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-4206</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5502</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692309</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Global electron content and neutral density of the thermosphere at Starlink launches in 2019–2023</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глобальное электронное содержание и нейтральная плотность термосферы при запусках спутников Starlink в 2019–2023 гг.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulyaeva</surname><given-names>T. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуляева</surname><given-names>Т. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>gulyaeva@izmiran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukianova</surname><given-names>R. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянова</surname><given-names>Р. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>lukianova@cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Space Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космических исследований РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 63, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 63, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>349</fpage><lpage>363</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0023-4206/article/view/692309">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0023-4206/article/view/692309</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In order to avoid emergency situation it is necessary to take into account impact of disturbances in space environment during launch of space vehicles. This paper examines changes in the neutral density of the thermosphere (ρ) according toSwarmsatellites and global electron content (GEC) from JPL GIM-TEC maps during 130Starlinksatellite launches in 2019-2023. The variations ofρ and GEC over the 24-hour period centered at the launch time were identified and analyzed. The spatial distribution and evolution of ρ and GEC in terms of solar activity, season and level of geomagnetic activity before and after eachStarlinklaunch event were investigated. It is shown that with increasing the phaseΦof the solar cycle (SC) fromΦ=0.5 (February 2022) to a maximumΦ=1 (April 2024) of SC25, the value ofGEC andρincreaseby 2.1 and 3.5 times, respectively. During this period, 75 magnetic storms of categories NOAA G1−G4 were observed at Kp≥5.0, of which 19 storms has occurred in the interval±24 hours from the moment ofStarlinklaunch. Only in one case an emergency was observed on February 3, 2022, during the launch ofS-36, when 38 out of 49 satellites left orbit during a minor two-phase geomagnetic storm of level G1 (Kp=5.3). Comparison is made with another successful launchS-77on March 23, 2023 during an intense magnetic storm of category G3 (Kp=7.3). It is shown that at theS-77launch the neutral density ρ prevailed in the northern high latitudes, while in the case ofS-36, the thermosphere was denser near the equator. AfterS-36launch, the transition from the positive to negative perturbation of GEC has happened while a strictly negative GEC anomaly was observed in the case ofS-77. The examples considered show that the intensity of a geomagnetic storm is not the only criterion for an emergency situation. Other characteristics should be taken into account when launching spacecraft, including an increase in electron content in the ionosphere and the density of the neutral atmosphere, accompanied by increased satellites drag at low orbits.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Влияние возмущений в околоземном пространстве необходимо учитывать при запуске космических аппаратов во избежание внештатных ситуаций. В настоящей работе рассмотрены изменения нейтральной плотности термосферы (ρ) по данным спутниковSwarmи глобального электронного содержания (GEC) по картам JPL GIM-TEC при 130 запусках спутниковStarlinkв 2019−2023 гг. Выделены и проанализированы вариации ρ и GEC за 24-часовой период, центрированный на момент старта. Исследованы пространственное распределение и эволюция ρ и GEC в зависимости от изменения солнечной активности, сезона и уровня геомагнитной активности до и после каждого события запускаStarlink. Показано, что с увеличением фазыΦсолнечного цикла отΦ = 0.5 (февраль 2022 г.) до максимума СЦ25Φ = 1 (апрель 2024 г.) значениеGECи ρвозрастают соответственно в 2.1–3.5 раза. В течение рассмотренного периода наблюдались 75 магнитных бурь категорий NOAA G1−G4 приKp ≥ 5.0, из них 19 бурь в интервале±24 ч от момента запускаStarlink. Только в одном случае наблюдалась аварийная ситуация 3.II.2022 при запускеS-36, когда 38 из 49 спутников сошли с орбиты во время малой двухфазной геомагнитной бури уровня G1 (Kp = 5.3). Проведено сравнение с другим успешным запускомS-7723.III.2023 во время интенсивной магнитной бури категории G3 (Kp = 7.3). Показано, что при запускеS-77нейтральная плотностьρпреобладала в северных высоких широтах, а в случаеS-36термосфера была плотнее вблизи экватора. После запускаS-36GEC показал смену положительного возмущения на отрицательное, а в случаеS-77наблюдалась строго отрицательная аномалия GEC. Рассмотренные примеры показывают, что интенсивность геомагнитной бури не является единственным критерием внештатной ситуации. При запусках космических аппаратов должны учитываться и другие характеристики, в том числе увеличение электронного содержания в ионосфере и плотности нейтральной атмосферы,сопровождаемое усилением торможения спутников на низких орбитах.</p></trans-abstract><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы благодарят Лабораторию реактивных двигателей (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL) за предоставление базы данных ионосферных карт GIM-TEC https://sideshow.jpl.nasa.gov/pub/iono_daily/IONEX_rapid/; список запусков Starlink имеется по адресу https://www.rocketlaunch.live/?tag=series-spacex-starlink; данные Swarm предоставлены ESA https://swarm-diss.eo.esa.int/swarm. Данные GEC предоставлены ИЗМИРАН https://www.izmiran.ru/ionosphere/weather/. Геомагнитные индексы Kp, Apo и Hpo предоставлены GFZ, Потсдам https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/hp30-hp60; Dst-индекс предоставлен Мировым центром данных WDC-Kyoto http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/; значения солнечных пятен предоставлены Центром данных Solar Influences Data Analysis Center https://www.sidc.be/SILSO/home.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hapgood M., Liu H., Lugaz N. SpaceX — Sailing close to the space weather? // Space Weather. 2022. V. 20(3). Art.ID. e2022SW003074. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Dang T., Li X., Luo B. et al.Unveiling the space weather during the Starlink satellites destruction event on 4 February 2022 // Space Weather. 2022. V. 20(8). 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