<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cosmic Research</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cosmic Research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Космические исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-4206</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5502</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">692311</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0023420625040031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">qnjydy</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neutron emission from the moon during the historic Carrington solar particle event of September 1, 1859</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейтронное излучение Луны во время исторического солнечного протонного события Кэррингтона 1 сентября 1859 года</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mitrofanov</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Митрофанов</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sanin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Санин</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvak</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвак</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Djachkova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьячкова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anikin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аникин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukyanov</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянов</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>golovin@np.cosmos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космических исследований РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 63, NO4 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 63, №4 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>377</fpage><lpage>384</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0023-4206/article/view/692311">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0023-4206/article/view/692311</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The neutron radiation of the lunar surface under the influence of energetic charged particle flux from the intense Solar Proton Event (SPE) is considered. Numerical estimates of the neutron flux and the corresponding neutron component of the radiation dose are made for the historical Carrington SPE, which can be considered an example of the most intense SPE recorded in the modern period of solar activity observations. It is shown that the neutron component of the dose during the Carrington SPE was approximately 1000 times higher than the background value from the impact of Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) on the lunar surface under quiet Sun conditions. The value of the total radiation dose on the lunar surface during the Carrington SPE was close to the limit values for humans in space.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрено нейтронное излучение лунной поверхности под воздействием потока энергичных заряженных частиц от интенсивного солнечного протонного события (СПС). Выполнены численные оценки нейтронного потока и соответствующей нейтронной компоненты радиационной дозы для исторического СПС Кэррингтона, которое можно считать примером наиболее интенсивного СПС, зарегистрированного за современный период наблюдений солнечной активности. Показано, что величина нейтронной компоненты дозы во время СПС Кэррингтонапримерно в 1000 раз превышала фоновое значение от воздействия на лунную поверхность Галактических космических лучей (ГКЛ) в условиях спокойного Солнца. Величина полной радиационной дозы на лунной поверхности во время СПС Кэррингтона была близка к предельно допустимым значениям для человека в космическом пространстве.</p></trans-abstract><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Российского научного фонда, проект № 23-12-00321.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Drake D.M., Feldman W.C., Jakosky B.M.Martian neutron leakage spectra // J. Geophys. Res. 1988. V. 93. Iss. B6. P. 6353–6368. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB06p06353</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Masarik J., Reedy R. Gamma ray production and transport in Mars // J. Geophys. Res.: Planets. 1996. V. 101. Iss. E8. P. 18891–18912. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE01563</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Sanin A.B., Mitrofanov I.G., Litvak M.L. et al. Hydrogen distribution in the lunar polar regions // Icarus. 2017. V. 283. P. 20–30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Colaprete A., Schultz P., Heldmann J. et al.Detection of water in the LCROSS ejecta plume // Science. 2010. V. 330. P. 463–468.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Lawrence D.J., Peplowski P.N., Wilson J.T. et al.Global hydrogen abundances on the lunar surface // J. Geophysical Research: Planets. 2022. V. 127. Art.ID e2022JE007197. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JE007197</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Borg L.E., Connelly J.N., Boyet M. et al.Chronological evidence that the Moon is either young or did not have a global magma ocean // Nature. 2011. V. 477. P. 70-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Usoskin I.G., Gil A., Kovaltsov G.A. et al. Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays during the neutron monitor era: Calibration using PAMELA data for 2006–2010 / J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics. 2017. V. 122. P. 3875–3887. DOI: 10.1002/2016JA023819.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Kusano K., Iju T., Bamba Yu. et al. A physics-based method that can predict imminent large solar flares // Science. 2020. V. 369. P. 587–591. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz2511</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Митрофанов И.Г., Санин А.Б., Литвак М.Л.и др. Нейтронное излучение лунной поверхности на полюсах // Косм. исслед. 2024. Т. 62. №6. С. 663–672.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Townsend L.W., Zapp E.N., Stephens D.L. et al. Carrington flare of 1859 as a prototypical worst-case solar energetic particle event // IEEE Trans.Nucl. Sci. 2003. V. 5(6). |Art.ID. 2307e2309.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Allison J., Amako K., Apostolakis J. et al. Recent developments in GEANT4 // Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. 2016. V. 835. P. 186–225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Miroshnichenko L.I., Nymmik R.A. Extreme fluxes in solar energetic particle events: Methodological and physical limitations // Radiation Measurements. 2014. V. 61. P. 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.11.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Usoskin I.G., Gil A., Kovaltsov G.A. et al. Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays during the neutron monitor era: Calibration using PAMELA data for 2006–2010 // J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics. 2017. V. 122. P. 3875–3887. DOI: 10.1002/2016JA023819.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dietze G., Bartlett D., Cool D. et al.ICRP Publication 123: Assessment of Radiation Exposure of Astronauts in Space // Annals of the ICRP. 2013. V. 42(4). P. 1–339. DOI: 10.1016/j.icrp.2013.05.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Dobynde M., Guo J.Guidelines for radiation-safe human activities on the Moon // Nature. Astronomy. 2024. V. 8. P. 991–999.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Limitation of Astronaut’s Exposure During Near-Earth Space Flights, Methodical Recommendations Report MR-17.01-2001 (in Russian) (Roscosmos, 2021).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard. V. 1, Revision b: Crew health 1. 67 p. (NASA, 2022).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Мокроусов М.И., Митрофанов И.Г., Аникин А.А.и др. Второй этап космического эксперимента “БТН Нейтрон” на борту российского сегмента Международнойкосмической станции: аппаратура БТН-М2 // Косм. исслед. 2022. Т. 60. №5. С. 426–436.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Brehm N., Christl M., Knowles T.D.J. et al.Tree-rings reveal two strong solar proton events in 7176 and 5259 BCE // Nature Communications. 2022. V. 13. Art.ID. 1196. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28804-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Uusitalo J., Golubenko K., Arppe L. et al.Transient offset in 14C after the Carrington event recorded by polar tree rings // Geophysical Research Letters. 2024. V. 51. Art.ID. e2023GL106632. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106632</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
