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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cosmic Research</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cosmic Research</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Космические исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0023-4206</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5502</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">696721</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0023420625050073</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">On the additivity of changes in optical properties during simultaneous and separate irradiation of ZnO powder modified with SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles by protons and quanta of the solar spectrum</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Об аддитивности изменений оптических свойств при одновременном и раздельном облучении протонами и квантами солнечного спектра модифицированного наночастицами SiO<sub>2</sub> порошка ZnO</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yusalek@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yusalek@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yuryev</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрьев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yusalek@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goronchko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горончко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yusalek@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedosov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федосов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yusalek@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (TUSUR)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>63</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 63, NO5 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 63, №5 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>541</fpage><lpage>550</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-21"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-09-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0023-4206/article/view/696721">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0023-4206/article/view/696721</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The results of a study of the spectra of diffuse reflection (ρλ) and integral absorption coefficient (<italic>a</italic><italic>s</italic>) of ZnO powders, used as one of the best pigments for temperature-control coatings of spacecraft, are presented. To increase the photo- and radiation resistance of micron-sized mZnO powder, one of the effective methods was used – modification with nSiO<sub>2</sub> silicon dioxide nanoparticles. The change in the optical properties of the modified mZnO/nSiO<sub>2</sub> powder was studied under separate and simultaneous irradiation with protons with an energy of 5 keV and solar spectrum quanta (SSP) with an intensity three times higher than the solar one. The ρλ spectra were recorded after each irradiation period in a vacuum at the irradiation site (in situ), which made it possible to avoid the interaction of defects formed during irradiation with atmospheric gases. Calculations were carried out for the additivity coefficient, determined by the ratio of the sum of changes in the absorption coefficient as under separate irradiation to changes under simultaneous exposure to radiation. It was found that, depending on the irradiation time, it varies from 1.30 to 1.39. The results of the study allow us to conclude that if in outer space the pigment is simultaneously affected by protons of the Solar wind and SSP, then ground-based tests must be carried out with their simultaneous action. If tests are carried out under separate irradiation, then in order to obtain reliable changes in the performance characteristics of the pigment it is necessary to introduce coefficients that take into account synergistic effects – additivity coefficients.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлены результаты исследования спектров диффузного отражения (ρλ) и интегрального коэффициента поглощения (<italic>а</italic>s) порошков ZnO, используемых в качестве одного из лучших пигментов для терморегулирующих покрытий космических аппаратов. Для увеличения фото- и радиационной стойкости порошка микронных размеров mZnO использовали один из эффективных способов – модифицирование наночастицами диоксида кремния nSiO<sub>2</sub>. Исследовано изменение оптических свойств модифицированного порошка mZnO / nSiO<sub>2</sub> при раздельном и одновременном облучении протонами с энергией 5 кэВ и квантами солнечного спектра с интенсивностью в три раза превышающей солнечную. Регистрация спектров ρλ после каждого периода облучения осуществлена в вакууме на месте облучения (in situ), что позволило избежать взаимодействия образованных при облучении дефектов с газами атмосферы. Проведены расчеты коэффициента аддитивности, определяемого отношением суммы изменений коэффициента поглощения <italic>а</italic>s при раздельном облучении к изменениям при одновременном действии излучений. Установлено, что в зависимости от времени облучения он изменяется от 1.30 до 1.39. Результаты исследования позволяют заключить, что если в космическом пространстве на пигмент одновременно действуют протоны солнечного ветра и кванты солнечного спектра, то наземные испытания необходимо проводить при их одновременном действии. Если испытания проводить при раздельном облучении, то для получения достоверных изменений рабочих характеристик пигмента необходимо вводить коэффициенты, учитывающие синергетические эффекты – коэффициенты аддитивности.</p></trans-abstract><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант No 24-72-10008</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cargo M.Mc., Greenberg S.A., Douglas N.I. Radiation Induced Absorption Bands in Spacecraft Thermal Control Coating Pigments // Thermophysics: Applications to Thermal Design of Spacecraft. 1970. V. 23. Art.ID. 189.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Cargo M.Mc., Greenberg S.A., Douglas N.I. 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