<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Litologiâ i poleznye iskopaemye</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Litologiâ i poleznye iskopaemye</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Литология и полезные ископаемые</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0024-497X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5375</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">658436</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0024497X23700283</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MNOQDZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sources of Hydrocarbon Gases in the Mud Volcano Kedr, Southern Basin of Lake Baikal: Results of Experimental Investigations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Источники углеводородных газов в грязевом вулкане Кедр, Южная котловина озера Байкал: результаты экспериментальных исследований</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krylov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крылов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>akrylow@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlystov</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлыстов</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>khloleg45@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>P. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>П. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagidullin</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагидуллин</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshev</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышев</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bukin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Букин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vidischeva</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Видищева</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Manakov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манаков</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismagilov</surname><given-names>Z. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмагилов</surname><given-names>З. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>petborsem@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gramberg All-Russia Scientific Research Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the World Ocean (VNIIOkeangeologia)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт геологии и минеральных ресурсов 
Мирового океана им. акад. И.С. Грамберга (ВНИИОкеангеология)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Limnological Institute SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лимнологический институт СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Earth Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Институт Наук о Земле</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт неорганической химии им. А.В. Николаева СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Геологический факультет Московского государственного университета 
им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry of SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр угля и углехимии СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт катализа им. Борескова СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-11-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><issue>6</issue><fpage>542</fpage><lpage>553</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-20"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0024-497X/article/view/658436">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0024-497X/article/view/658436</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45257551786944">Outcrops of the Oligocene-Pliocene coal-bearing Tankhoi suite are traced along the southern shore of Lake Baikal and submerge under its Southern Basin, in which several hydrate-bearing zones of focused discharge of hydrocarbon fluids have been found. To test the hypothesis that coals of the Tankhoi Suite can be sources of hydrocarbon gases in these zones, we collected coal samples from the Shakhterskaya Gorka outcrop. The experiment on gas generation from the selected samples was carried out in a special autoclave at a temperature of 90°C for eight months. This paper presents the results of this study, which confirm the important role of gas generation processes from coals in the formation of fluids in the Kedr mud volcano. Further migration of gases was accompanied by biodegradation and the formation of secondary microbial methane due to CO<sub>2</sub> reduction. This was one of the reasons for the observed carbon isotopic pattern in methane (heavier than ‒50‰ VPDB) and carbon dioxide (positive values) taken from near-surface sediments and hydrates of the Kedr mud volcano, as well as for the significant enrichment of authigenic siderites in the heavy <sup>13</sup>C isotope.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45257551785840">Выходы угленосной танхойской свиты олигоцен-плиоценового возраста прослеживаются вдоль южного берега озера Байкал и погружаются под его Южную котловину, в которой обнаружено несколько гидратоносных зон фокусированной разгрузки углеводородных флюидов. Для проверки гипотезы о том, что источниками углеводородных газов в указанных зонах могут быть угли танхойской свиты нами были собраны образцы углей из обнажения “Шахтерская горка”. Эксперимент по газогенерации из отобранных образцов производился в специальном автоклаве при температуре 90°С в течение восьми месяцев. В настоящей работе представлены результаты данного исследования, подтвердившие важную роль процессов газогенерации из углей в формировании флюидов грязевого вулкана Кедр. Дальнейшая миграция газов сопровождались биодеградацией и формированием вторично-микробного метана за счет СО<sub>2</sub>-редукции. Это явилось одной из причин наблюдаемого изотопного облика углерода в метане (тяжелее –50‰ VPDB) и углекислом газе (положительные значения), отобранных из приповерхностных осадков и гидратов грязевого вулкана Кедр, а также значительного обогащения аутигенных сидеритов тяжелым изотопом <sup>13</sup>С.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gas hydrates</kwd><kwd>mud volcanoes</kwd><kwd>carbon dioxide</kwd><kwd>secondary-microbial methane</kwd><kwd>Lake Baikal</kwd><kwd>biodegradation</kwd><kwd>coal</kwd><kwd>Tankhoi suite</kwd><kwd>siderite.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>газовые гидраты</kwd><kwd>грязевые вулканы</kwd><kwd>углекислый газ</kwd><kwd>вторично-микробный метан</kwd><kwd>озеро Байкал</kwd><kwd>биодеградация</kwd><kwd>угли</kwd><kwd>танхойская свита</kwd><kwd>сидерит.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Авторы благодарят рецензента за конструктивные замечания, улучшившие работу. Дискуссии с к.б.н. А.В. Ломакиной и д.б.н. Т.И. Земской (ЛИН СО РАН) были очень полезны для понимания процессов генерации и окисления метана в условиях раннего диагенеза озера Байкал.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Гресов А.И., Обжиров А.И., Шакиров Р.Б. Метаноресурсная база угольных бассейнов Дальнего Востока и перспективы ее промышленного освоения. Т. 1. Владивосток: Дальнаука, 2009. 247 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Калмычков Г.В., Егоров А.В., Кузьмин М.И., Хлыстов О.М. Генетические типы метана озера Байкал // Доклады Академии Наук. 2006. Т. 411. № 5. С. 672‒675.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Калмычков Г.В., Покровский Б.Г., Хачикубо А., Хлыстов О.М. Геохимические характеристики метана из осадков подводной возвышенности Посольская банка (озеро Байкал) // Литология и полез. ископаемые. 2017. № 2. С. 121‒129. https://doi.org/10.7868/S0024497X17020057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Калмычков Г.В., Егоров А.В., Хачикубо А., Хлыстов О.М. Углеводородные газы подводного нефтегазового проявления Горевой Утес (оз. Байкал, Россия) // Геология и Геофизика. 2019. Т. 60. № 10. С. 1488‒1495. https://doi.org/10.15372/GiG2019110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Калмычков Г.В., Hachikubo A., Покровский Б.Г. и др. Метан с аномально высокими значениями δ13С и δD из прибрежных термальных источников озера Байкал // Литология и полез. ископаемые. 2020. № 6. С. 515‒521. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0024497X20040035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Крылов А.А., Хлыстов О.М., Земская Т.И. и др. Формирование аутигенных карбонатов в грязевых вулканах озера Байкал // Геохимия. 2008. № 10. С. 1051‒1062.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Кулешов В.Н. Эволюция изотопных углекислотно-водных систем в литогенезе. Сообщение 2. Катагенез // Литология и полез. ископаемые. 2001. № 6. С. 610‒630.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Манаков А.Ю., Хлыстов О.М., Сагидуллин А.К. и др. Структура, морфология и состав природных газовых гидратов, отобранных на грязевом вулкане Кедр-1 (оз. Байкал) // Журнал структурной химии. 2021. Т. 62. № 6. С. 958‒965. https://doi.org/10.26902/JSC_id74424</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Павлова О.Н., Букин С.В., Ломакина А.В. и др. Образование углеводородных газов микробным сообществом донных осадков оз. Байкал // Микробиология. 2014. Т. 83. № 6. С. 694‒702.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Павлова О.Н., Ломакина А.В., Новикова А.С. и др. Термофильные бактерии в донных осадках озера Байкал, ассоциированных с разгрузкой углеводородов // Микробиология. 2019. Т. 88. № 3. С. 358‒366.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Рассказов С.В., Лямина Н.А., Лузина И.В., Черняева Г.П., Чувашова И.С., Усольцева М.В. Отложения Танхойского третичного поля, Южнобайкальская впадина: стратиграфия, корреляции и структурные перестройки в Байкальском регионе // Geodynamics &amp;Tectonophysics. 2014. Т. 5. № 4. С. 993‒1032. https://doi.org/10.5800/GT-2014-5-4-0165.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Хлыстов О.М., Кононов Е.Е., Минами Х. и др. Новые данные о рельефе подводного южного склона Южно-Байкальской котловины // География и природные ресурсы. 2018. № 1. С. 59‒65. https://doi.org/10.21782/GIPR0206-1619-2018-1(59-65)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Хлыстов О.М., Вайнер-Кротов А.В., Китаев А.В., Погодаева Т.В. Находки углей Танхойского поля в донных отложениях Южного Байкала // Науки о Земле и недропользование. 2021. Т. 44. № 3. С. 285–292. https://doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2021-44-3-285-292</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Abrams M.A. Significance of hydrocarbon seepage relative to petroleum generation and entrapment // Mar. Petrol. Geol. 2005. V. 22. P. 457‒477.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Balabane M., Galimov E., Hermann M., Letolle R. Hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation during experimental production of bacterial methane // Org. Geochem. 1987. V. 11. P. 115–119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bukin S.V., Pavlova O.N., Manakov A.Y. et al. The ability of microbial community of Lake Baikal bottom sediments associated with gas discharge to carry out the transformation of organic matter under thermobaric conditions // Front. Microbiol. 2016. V. 7. P. 1‒12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Galimov E.M. Isotope organic geochemistry // Organic Geochemistry. 2006. V. 37. P. 1200‒1262.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Golding S.D., Boreham C.J., Esterle J.S. Stable isotope geochemistry of coal bed and shale gas and related production waters: a review // Intern. J. Coal Geology. 2013. V. 120. P. 24‒40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Golmshtok A.Y., Duchkov A.D., Hutchinson D.R. et al. Heat flow and gas hydrates of the Baikal Rift Zone // Int. J. Earth Sci. 2000. V. 89. P. 193‒211.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Granin N.G., Muyakshin S.I., Makarov M.M. et al. Estimation of methane flux from bottom sediments of Lake Baikal // Geo-Mar. Lett. 2012. V. 32. P. 427‒436.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Hachikubo A., Khlystov O., Krylov A. et al. Molecular and isotopic characteristics of gas hydrate-bound hydrocarbons in southern and central Lake Baikal // Geo-Mar. Lett. V. 30. P. 321‒329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-010-0203-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Hachikubo A., Minami H., Yamashita S. et al. Characteristics of hydrate-bound gas retrieved at the Kedr mud volcano (southern Lake Baikal) // Scientific Reports. 2020. V. 10. P. 1‒12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71410-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hachikubo A., Minami H., Sakagami H. et al. Characteristics and varieties of gases enclathrated in natural gas hydrates retrieved at Lake Baikal // Scientific Reports. 2023. V. 13. P. 1‒10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31669-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Head I.M., Jones D.M., Larter S.R. Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil // Nature. 2003. V. 426. P. 344‒352.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Heuer V.B., Inagaki F., Morono Yu. et al. Temperature limits to deep subseafloor life in the Nankai Trough subduction zone // Science. 2020. V. 370. P. 1230‒1234.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Inagaki F., Hinrichs K.-U., Kubo Y. et al. Exploring deep microbial life in coal-bearing sediment down to ~2.5 km below the ocean floor // Science. 2015. V. 349. Iss. 6246. P. 420‒424.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Khlystov O.M., Khabuev A.V., Minami H., Hachikubo A., Krylov A.A. Gas hydrates in Lake Baikal // Limnology Freshwater Biology. 2018. V. 1. P. 66‒70. https://doi.org/10.31951/2658-3518-A-1-66</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Khlystov O.M., Poort J., Mazzini A. et al. Shallow-rooted mud volcanism in Lake Baikal // Mar. Petr. Geol. 2019. V. 102. P. 580‒589.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Krylov A.A., Khlystov O.M., Hachikubo A. et al. Isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon in subsurface sediments of gas hydrate-bearing mud volcanoes, Lake Baikal: implications for methane and carbonate origin // Geo-Mar. Lett. 2010. V. 30. P. 427‒437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-010-0190-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Krylov A.A., Hachikubo A., Minami H. et al. Crystallization of siderites with an extremely heavy value of 13C in the mud volcano “Kedr”, Lake Baikal / Abstracts of Joint International Conference Mineral of the Ocean-9. St. Petersburg: VNIIOkeangeologia, 2018. P. 88‒89.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Lomakina A.V., Mamaeva E.V., Yuri P. Galachyants Yu.P. et al. Diversity of Archaea in bottom sediments of the discharge areas with oil- and gas-bearing fluids in Lake Baikal // Geomicrobiology Journal. 2018. V. 35. Iss. 1. P. 50‒63.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lomakina A., Pogodaeva T., Kalmychkov G. et al. Diversity of NC10 Bacteria and ANME-2d Archaea in Sediments of Fault Zones at Lake Baikal // Diversity. 2020. V. 12. Iss. 1. P. 1‒19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lloyd M.K., Trembath-Reichert E., Dawson K.S., et al. Methoxyl stable isotopic constraint on the origins and limits of coal-bed methane // Science. 2021. V. 374. P. 894‒897.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation / Eds M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, S.D. Golding. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1999. 592 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Mayumi D., Mochimaru H., Tamaki H. et al. Methane production from coal by a single methanogen // Science. 2016. V. 354. P. 222‒225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Milkov A.V. Worldwide distribution and significance of secondary microbial methane formed during petroleum biodegradation in conventional reservoirs // Organic Geochemistry. 2011. V. 42. P. 184‒207.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Milkov A.V. Secondary Microbial Gas / Ed. H. Wilkes // Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2020. P. 613‒622.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Milkov A.V. New approaches to distinguish shale-sourced and coal-sourced gases in petroleum systems // Organic Geochemistry. 2021. V. 158. P. 1‒14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Milkov A.V., Etiope G. Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of &gt;20 000 samples // Organic Geochemistry. 2018. V. 125. P. 109‒120.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Minami H., Hachikubo A., Yamashita S. et al. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic anomalies in pore waters suggesting clay mineral dehydration at gas hydrate-bearing Kedr mud volcano, southern Lake Baikal Russia // Geo-Mar. Lett. 2018. V. 38. P. 403–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s0036 7-018-0542-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Morgunova I., Semenov P., Kursheva A. et al. Molecular Indicators of Sources and Biodegradation of Organic Matter in Sediments of Fluid Discharge Zones of Lake Baikal // Geosciences. 2022. V. 12. № 72. P. 1‒24. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020072</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Payne D.F., Ortoleva P.J. A model for lignin alteration – part I: a kinetic reaction-network model // Organic Geochemistry. 2001. V. 32. P. 1073‒1085.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Poort J., Khlystov O.M., Naudts L. et al. Thermal anomalies associated with shallow gas hydrates in the K-2 mud volcano, Lake Baikal // Geo-Mar. Lett. 2012. V. 32. P. 407‒417.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Popp B.N., Sansone F., Francis F.J., Rust T.M. Determination of concentration and carbon isotopic composition of dissolved methane in sediments and nearshore waters // Anal. Chem. 1995. V. 67. P. 405–411.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Rice D.D. Composition and origins of coalbed gas / Eds B.E. Law, D.D. Rice // Hydrocarbons from coal // AAPG Studies in Geology. 1993. V. 38. P. 159‒184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Seewald J.S. Organic-inorganic interaction in petroleum-producing sedimentary basins // Nature. 2003. V. 426. P. 327‒333.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Sugimoto A., Wada E. Hydrogen isotopic composition of bacterial methane: CO2/H2 reduction and acetate fermentation // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1995. V. 59. P. 1329–1337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95) 00047-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Tang Y., Jenden P.D., Nigrini A., Teerman S.C. Modeling Early Methane Generation in Coal // Energy &amp; Fuels. 1996. V. 10. P. 659‒671.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Whiticar M.J. Stable isotope geochemistry of coals, humic kerogens and related natural gases // Intern. J. Coal Geol. 1996. V. 32. P. 191‒215.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Whiticar M. J. Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane // Chem. Geol. 1999. V. 161. P. 291–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-541(99)00092 -3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Zemskaya T.I., Pogodaeva T.V., Shubenkova O.V. et al. Geochemical and microbiological characteristics of sediments near the Malenky mud volcano (Lake Baikal, Russia), with evidence of Archaea intermediate between the marine anaerobic methanotrophs ANME-2 and ANME-3 // Geo-Mar. Lett. 2010. V. 30 (3/4). P. 411–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-010-0199-6</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
