Mycology and PhytopathologyMycology and PhytopathologyМикология и фитопатология0026-36483034-5421The Russian Academy of Sciences65593910.31857/S0026364824040018uxeoseREVIEWS AND DISCUSSIONSОБЗОРЫ И ДИСКУССИИResearch ArticleSystematics and Phylogeny of Myxomycetes: Yesterday, Today, TomorrowСистематика и филогения миксомицетов: вчера, сегодня, завтраMorozE. L.МорозЕ. Л.
Belarus
moroze.l@tut.byGmoshinskyV. I.ГмошинскийВ. И.
Russian Federation
rubisco@list.ruShchepinO. N.ЩепинО. Н.
Russian Federation
oshchepin@binran.ruNovozhilovYu. K.НовожиловЮ. К.
Russian Federation
yurynovozh1lov@yandex.ruV.F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of BelarusИнститут экспериментальной ботаники им. В.Ф. Купревича НАН БеларусиLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет им. М.В. ЛомоносоваKomarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of SciencesБотанический институт им. В.Л. Комарова РАНGreifswald UniversityГрайфсвальдский университет2010202458426127914022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0026-3648/article/view/655939

Myxomycetes are amoeboid fungus-like organisms (Amoebozoa) with a unique life cycle characterized by a great morphological diversity of fruiting bodies. Due to the similarity of these structures to the fruiting bodies of some representatives of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, myxomycetes have been classified as fungi since the first known scientific description in 1654. Only in the XIX century, when their life cycle was studied, the difference of this group from fungi became clear. During the same period, microscopic structures of fruiting bodies, as well as ornamentation of the spore surface, began to be considered as diagnostic features. Due to this, in the period from the end of XIX to the middle of XX century, a rather stable system was formed. However, as further studies have shown, both macro- and micromorphological characters are often quite variable, depend on environmental conditions, and often result from a convergent evolution, which causes difficulties in defining species and taxonomic units of higher ranks. Since the first decade of the 21st century, thanks to the development of molecular genetic methods and accumulation of data on nucleotide sequences of marker genes together with the improvement of microscopic studies, it has been possible to obtain data on the evolutionary relationships of different groups of myxomycetes. A milestone in this process was the publication of the first phylogenetic system of myxomycetes in 2019. This work was the starting point for a number of studies on the relationships of different groups of myxomycetes at a lower taxonomic level. Thus, there has been a surge in the number of studies that bring us closer to constructing a natural system. The latest iteration of the myxomycete system, incorporating all modifications and enhancements as of June 2024, is presented.

Миксомицеты (Myxomycetes) – амебоидные грибообразные организмы (Amoebozoa) с уникальным жизненным циклом, характеризующиеся большим морфологическим разнообразием спорофоров. Благодаря схожести этих структур с плодовыми телами некоторых представителей отделов Ascomycota и Basidiomycota, с момента первого известного научного описания в 1654 г. миксомицеты относили к грибам. Только в XIX в., когда удалось установить особенности их жизненного цикла, стала понятна обособленность этой группы от грибов. В результате с конца XIX до середины XX вв. сложилась достаточно стабильная таксономическая система, основанная главным образом на морфологических признаках спорофоров и спор. Однако было показано, что эти признаки довольно изменчивы и зависят от условий окружающей среды, а также могут быть результатом конвергентной эволюции. Это часто вызывает затруднения при идентификации видов и таксонов более высокого ранга. В первой декаде XXI в., благодаря развитию молекулярно-генетических и микроскопических методов, а также накоплению данных о нуклеотидных последовательностях маркерных генов, удалось получить первые данные об эволюционных взаимоотношениях ряда таксонов. Знаковой вехой развития систематики миксомицетов стала публикация в 2019 г. первой филогенетической системы. В настоящее время продолжаются попытки построения филогений различных таксонов миксомицетов и поиски их соответствия с системами, построенными на морфологических признаках. В работе приводится вариант системы миксомицетов с учетом всех изменений и дополнений по состоянию на июнь 2024 года.

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