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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Mycology and Phytopathology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Mycology and Phytopathology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микология и фитопатология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0026-3648</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5421</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">655950</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0026364824030064</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">vitnfb</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГРИБЫ – ВОЗБУДИТЕЛИ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ РАСТЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Racial composition and variability of the <italic>ToxA</italic> gene in geographically distant populations of <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Расовый состав и изменчивость гена <italic>ToxA</italic> в географически отдаленных популяциях <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мироненко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nina2601mir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orina</surname><given-names>А. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орина</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>orina-alex@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalenko</surname><given-names>N. М.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коваленко</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nadyakov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubko</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубко</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sacura0@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский НИИ защиты растений</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-10-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>58</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>246</fpage><lpage>253</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-14"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0026-3648/article/view/655950">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0026-3648/article/view/655950</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic> causing the tan spot of wheat produces specific necrotrophic effectors Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB and Ptr ToxC, inducing necrosis and chlorosis on the leaves of susceptible varieties. Based on the ability of <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains to produce specific necrotrophic effectors or their combinations, the eight races of the pathogen are distinguished. Monitoring the race composition of <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> populations is necessary to assess the evolutionary potential of the pathogen and develop a methodology for breeding wheat cultivars with long-term resistance. We analyzed 179 monoconidial <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains from Kazakhstan and Russia populations in 2020–2022. The widespread distribution of races 2 and 4 was revealed, strains of which were present in each analyzed <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> population with a frequency of 2–36% and 7–82%, respectively. The dominance of avirulent race 4 was noted: the strains of this race accounted for 27% of all analyzed <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains. Molecular identification of the <italic>ToxA</italic> and <italic>ToxB</italic> genes, as well as <italic>toxb</italic>, a homolog of the <italic>ToxB</italic> gene, in 118 <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains from six populations revealed the presence of the <italic>ToxA </italic>gene in 69% of the analyzed strains. The <italic>ToxB</italic> gene was not detected in any strains, while the <italic>toxb</italic> gene was found sporadically and was identified in the genome of 18 <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains (9%), most of which were avirulent and belonged to race 4. In PCR with specific primers for <italic>ToxA</italic> gene of ten <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains a product of ≈ 800 bp was amplified, which turned out to be significantly larger than expected. This was explained by the presence of an insertion in the amplified region of the <italic>ToxA</italic> gene. All <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> strains with the <italic>ToxAL </italic>were assigned to races 4 and 5, which do not form the necrotrophic effector Ptr ToxA. The structure of the <italic>ToxAL</italic> gene and its protein product is the subject of further research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Возбудитель желтой пятнистости пшеницы – аскомицет <italic>Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</italic> – продуцирует специфичные некротрофные эффекторы Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB и Ptr ToxC, индуцирующие некроз и хлороз на листьях восприимчивых сортов. По способности штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> продуцировать отдельные некротрофные эффекторы или их комбинации различают восемь рас патогена. Мониторинг расового состава популяций <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> необходим для оценки эволюционного потенциала возбудителя и разработки методологии создания сортов зерновых культур с длительной устойчивостью. Нами проанализированы 179 моноконидиальных штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> из популяций Казахстана и России в 2020–2022 гг. Выявлено повсеместное распространение рас 2 и 4, штаммы которых присутствовали в каждой изученной популяции <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> с частотой 2–36 и 7–82 % соответственно. Отмечено доминирование представителей авирулентной расы 4, доля которой составила 27% среди всех проанализированных штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic>. Молекулярная идентификация генов <italic>ToxA</italic> и <italic>ToxB</italic>, а также <italic>toxb</italic> – гомолога гена <italic>ToxB</italic> – у 118 штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> из шести популяций выявила присутствие гена <italic>ToxA</italic> у 69% изученных штаммов гриба. Ген <italic>ToxB</italic> не был обнаружен ни у одного штамма <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic>, тогда как ген <italic>toxb</italic> встречался спорадически и был выявлен в геноме 18 штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic> (9%), большинство из которых были отнесены к авирулентной расе 4. При идентификации гена <italic>ToxA</italic> были выявлены десять штаммов <italic>P. tritici-repentis</italic>, у которых амплифицировался продукт размером ≈800 п.н., значительно превышающий ожидаемый, что объясняется наличием инсерции в амплифицируемом участке гена <italic>ToxA. </italic>Такие гены были названы <italic>ToxAL. </italic>Все штаммы <italic>P. tritici-repentis </italic>с вариантом <italic>ToxAL </italic>были отнесены к расам 4 и 5, не образующим некротрофный эффектор Ptr ToxA. Структура гена <italic>ToxAL </italic>и его белкового продукта является предметом дальнейших исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>insertion</kwd><kwd>race 3</kwd><kwd>race 4</kwd><kwd>race 5</kwd><kwd>tan spot</kwd><kwd>ToxA</kwd><kwd>ToxB</kwd><kwd>toxb</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>желтая пятнистость</kwd><kwd>инсерция</kwd><kwd>раса 3</kwd><kwd>раса 4</kwd><kwd>раса 5</kwd><kwd>ToxA</kwd><kwd>ToxB</kwd><kwd>toxb</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abdullah S., Sehgal S.K., Ali S. Race diversity of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in South Dakota and response of predominant wheat cultivars to tan spot. J. Plant Pathol. Microbiol. 2017. V. 8. P. 409. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7471.1000409</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Afanasenko O.S., Novozhilov K.V. 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