<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Радиотехника и электроника</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0033-8494</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5901</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691165</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0033849425050099</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">qkfril</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORY AND METHODS OF SIGNAL PROCESSING</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДЫ ОБРАБОТКИ СИГНАЛОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Hardware Optimization of Finite Impulse Response Filters</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аппаратная оптимизация фильтров с конечной импульсной характеристикой</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakholdin</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахолдин</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bakholdin.nv@phystech.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhurin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахурин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bakhurin.sa@mipt.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Busse</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буссе</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bakholdin.nv@phystech.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Degtyarev</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дегтярев</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bakholdin.nv@phystech.edu</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soloviev</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>bakholdin.nv@phystech.edu</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>70</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 70, NO5 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 70, №5 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>506</fpage><lpage>515</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-22"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0033-8494/article/view/691165">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0033-8494/article/view/691165</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper discusses hardware implementation algorithms for widely used half-band filters (HBF), such as the Coefficient Quantization Algorithm (CQA), the Multiple Constant Multiplication (MCM) algorithm, and their combination, CQA+MCM. The use of the CQA algorithm reduces the number of multipliers in the HBF filter structure. The MCM algorithm converts multipliers into a set of adders and bit shifts. Combining both algorithms allows for replacing all multipliers with a set of adders and bit shifts. A resource analysis was carried out for hardware implementations of 30th- and 94th-order HBF filters. It was found that the CQA algorithm reduces the number of multipliers by 37 % and 74 %, respectively. The MCM algorithm completely eliminates multipliers from the filter design, but the number of adders increases by 3x and 2.6x, respectively. A comparison with existing methods showed that the time required to compute the coefficients of the optimized filter using the proposed algorithms is only a few seconds, whereas most other methods take significantly longer (up to a full day). It was shown that the difference in the required resources does not exceed 10 %.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассмотрены алгоритмы аппаратной реализации широко распространенных полуполосных фильтров (HBF, half-band filter), такие как алгоритм квантования коэффициентов (CQA, coefficient quantization algorithm), алгоритм умножения на константу (MCM, multiple constant multiplication) и их объединение CQA+MCM. Применение алгоритма CQA позволяет уменьшить количество умножителей в схеме HBF фильтра. Алгоритм MCM позволяет пересчитать умножители в набор сумматоров и битовых сдвигов. Объединение двух алгоритмов позволяет заменить все умножители на набор сумматоров и битовых сдвигов. Проведен расчет ресурсов, необходимых для аппаратной реализации HBF фильтров 30 и 94 порядков, и было выяснено, что применение CQA алгоритма позволяет сократить число умножителей на 37 % и 74 %. Применение MCM алгоритма позволяет полностью убрать умножители из схемы фильтра, однако число сумматоров увеличивается в 3 и 2.6 раз соответственно. Проведено сравнение предложенных методов с уже существующими показало, что время, требуемое для расчета коэффициентов оптимизированного фильтра, для предложенных алгоритмов составляет несколько секунд, в то время как для большинства других методов требуется гораздо больше времени (вплоть до суток). Показано, что разница в числе требуемых ресурсов не превышает 10 %.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>finite impulse response filters</kwd><kwd>digital resamplers</kwd><kwd>hardware optimization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фильтры с конечной импульсной характеристикой</kwd><kwd>цифровые передискретизаторы</kwd><kwd>аппаратная оптимизация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Oппенгейм А., Шафер Р. Цифровая обработка сигналов. М.: Техносфера, 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Rabiner L., Schafer R. // IEEE Trans. 1971. V. AE-19. № 3. P. 200.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>San-José-Revuelta L.M., Arribas J.I. // Expert Systems with Applications. 2018. V. 106. P. 92.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Selesnick I. Linear-Phase FIR Filter Design by Least Squares /EL 713. Lecture Notes. N.Y.: New York Univ., 2005. 39 p. https://eeweb.engineering.nyu.edu/iselesni/EL713/firls/firls.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Aggarwal A., Rawat T.K., Kumar M., Upa-dhyay D.K. Design of optimal band-stop FIR filter using L1 norm based RCGA // Ain Shams Engineering J. 2018. V. 9. № 2. P. 277.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>McClellan J., Parks T., Rabiner L. // IEEE Trans. 1973. V.AE-21. № 6. P. 506.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Aksoy L., Flores P., Monteiro J. // IEEE Trans. 2014. V. SP-63. № 1. P. 142.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Kumm M., Volkova A., Filip S.-I. // IEEE Trans. 2023. V. CAD-42. № 2. P. 658.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Xu F., Chang C.H., Jong C.C. // IEEE Trans. 2007. V. CAD-26. № 10. P. 1898.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Shi D., Yu Y.J. // IEEE Trans. 2011. V. CS-58. № 1. P. 126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Gustafsson O., Wanhammar L. // Proc. 2002 45 th Midwest Symp. Circuits and Systems (MSCAS). Tusla. 04–07 Aug. N.Y.: IEEE, 2002. V. 3. P. 9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Yu Y.J., Lim Y.C. // Circuits, Systems, Signal Processing. 2010. V. 29. № 1. P. 65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Yli-Kaakinen J., Saramaki T. // Proc. 2001 IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). Sydney. 09 May. N.Y.: IEEE, 2001. P. 185.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Shahein A., Zhang Q., Lotze N., Manoli Y. // IEEE Trans. 2012. V. CS(I) – 59. № 3. P. 616.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Aktan M., Yurdakul A., Dündar G. // IEEE Trans. 2008. V. CS-55. № 6. P. 1536.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Chen C.-L., Willson A.N., Jr. // IEEE Trans. 1999. V. СЫ(II)-46. № 1. P. 29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Aksoy L., Güneş E. O., Flores P. // Microprocessors and Microsystems. 2010. V. 34. № 5. P. 151.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Degtyarev A., Saifullin K., Bakhurin S. // 2022 24th Int. Conf. on Digital Signal Processing and its Applications (DSPA). Moscow, 30 Mar. – 01 Apr. N.Y.: IEEE, 2022. Paper No. 9790772.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bakholdin N., Degtyarev A., Bakhurin S. // 2023 5th Int. Youth Conf. on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE). Moscow. 16–18 Mar. N.Y.: IEEE, 2023. Paper No. 10086717.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Cолонина А.И. Цифровая обработка сигналов. Моделирование в Simulink. СПб.: БХВ-Петербург, 2012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Thong J., Nicolici N. // IEEE Trans. 2011. V. CAD-30. № . 9. P. 1373.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Boudjelaba K., Ros F., Chikouche D. // IET Signal Processing. 2014. V. 8. P. 429.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Aksoy L., Flores P., Monteiro J. // 2014 IEEE Int. Symp. on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). Melbourne, 01–05 Jun. N.Y.: IEEE, 2014. P. 1456.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
