Advances in Current BiologyAdvances in Current BiologyУспехи современной биологии0042-13243034-6347The Russian Academy of Sciences68606610.31857/S0042132425010021DMNTDTArticlesСтатьиResearch ArticleThe Gut Microbiome and Age-Related DiseasesМикробиом кишечника и возрастные заболеванияShilovskyG. A.ШиловскийГ. А.
Russian Federation

Department of Biology

биологический факультет

gregory_sh@list.ruSorokinaE. V.СорокинаЕ. В.
Russian Federation

Department of Biology

биологический факультет

gregory_sh@list.ruAkhaevD. N.АхаевД. Н.
Russian Federation

Department of Biology

биологический факультет

gregory_sh@list.ruLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМосковский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова150220251451111927062025Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук2025Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0042-1324/article/view/686066

The gut microbiome (community of microorganisms) in the human body has an enormous impact on human physiology in both healthy and pathological states. It can influence human health either directly by secreting biologically active substances such as vitamins, bactericins, essential amino acids, lipids, etc., or indirectly by modulating metabolic processes and the immune system. The composition of the microbiota is determined by genetic predisposition and the microbiome obtained in childhood from the mother and the environment, which may change during life under the influence of external and internal factors. The most noticeable deviations of the human microbiome undergoes in infancy and then in old age, when immunity is also in the weakest and most unstable state, which can lead to the development of various pathologies. When correcting various pathological conditions and when used in the complex treatment of diseases, the use of probiotics and prebiotics is recommended. The development of test systems of biologically active substances affecting the human microbiome makes it possible to determine the biological activity of individual strains and to design new generation preparations for prolonging healthy longevity. Such developments are another step towards personalised medicine.

Микробиом (сообщество микроорганизмов) кишечника оказывает огромное влияние на физиологию человека как в здоровом состоянии, так и при патологиях. Он может влиять на здоровье человека либо непосредственно, секретируя биологически активные вещества, такие как витамины, бактерицины, незаменимые аминокислоты, липиды и т.д., либо косвенно, модулируя метаболические процессы и иммунную систему. Состав микробиоты определяется генетической предрасположенностью и полученным в детстве от матери и из окружающей среды микробиомом, который может изменяться в течение жизни под влиянием внешних и внутренних факторов. Наиболее заметные отклонения микробиом человека претерпевает в младенчестве и потом в пожилом возрасте, когда иммунитет также находится в наиболее слабом и нестабильном состоянии, что может приводить к развитию различных патологий. При коррекции различных патологических состояний и при использовании в комплексном лечении заболеваний рекомендуется использование пробиотиков и пребиотиков. Разработка тест-систем биологически активных веществ, влияющих на микробиом человека, позволяет определять биологическую активность отдельных штаммов и конструировать препараты нового поколения для продления здорового долголетия. Такие разработки являются еще одним шагом к персонифицированной медицине.

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