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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of General Biology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of General Biology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал общей биологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4596</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5685</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698799</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034543X25060017</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>(Indexed in “Current Contents”)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>(воспроизводится в журнале “Current Contents”)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of RNA-protein granules in neurodevelopment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль РНК-белковых гранул в нейроразвитии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarionova</surname><given-names>N. B</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илларионова</surname><given-names>Н. Б</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>illarionova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshkin</surname><given-names>M. P</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошкин</surname><given-names>М. П</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра зоологии и экологии животных</p></bio><email>illarionova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, SB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tomsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Томский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>86</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 86, NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 86, №6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>405</fpage><lpage>417</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-11-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0044-4596/article/view/698799">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0044-4596/article/view/698799</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>RNA-protein granules are dynamic, membrane-less organelles found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells across nearly all organisms, from the unicellular to the multicellular. They are complex assemblies composed of coding and non-coding RNAs, RNA-binding proteins, enzymes, and other proteins. Functionally, they are hubs for RNA storage, transport, signaling, and regulation of translation. A growing body of evidence now underscores their critical role in orchestrating processes within brain development. These granules facilitate neurodevelopment through the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression; ensuring proteins are synthesized in the right place and time. For instance, the initial division and differentiation of neural precursor cells rely on mechanisms like transcriptional priming, a process facilitated by specific granules – processing bodies. As brain cells mature, RNA-protein granules enable the transport of transcripts to distant cellular sites. There, they regulate local protein synthesis, which is fundamental for cellular morphology, the maturation of dendritic spines, synaptic plasticity, and overall neural circuit connectivity. Furthermore, stress granules, which form transiently in response to cellular stress, are increasingly recognized as players in the developing central nervous system. It is hypothesized that stress granules promote cell survival during stressful events often accompanying embryonic development. Importantly, mutations in genes encoding RNA-protein granule proteins are associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. These mutations disrupt the dynamic nature of RNA-protein granules, leading to disturbances in mRNA localization and expression. Neurodevelopmental disorders linked to these mutations are often characterized by intellectual disability, speech delay, epileptic seizures, and autism spectrum disorder. The review summarizes the current data on the role of these RNA-protein granules – with a focus on stress granules, processing bodies, and transport granules – in shaping brain development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>РНК-белковые гранулы — это динамичные, не мембранные органеллы, которые находятся в ядре и цитоплазме клеток у подавляющего большинства организмов — от одноклеточных до многоклеточных. Они представляют собой сложные структуры, состоящие из кодирующих и не кодирующих РНК, РНК-связывающих белков, ферментов и других белков. Функционально они являются незаменимыми центрами для РНК хранения, транспортировки и регуляции мРНК трансляции. Все больше данных подчеркивает их важнейшую роль в организации процессов развития центральной нервной системы. Эти гранулы способствуют нейроразвитию посредством точной пространственно-временной регуляции экспрессии генов, обеспечивая синтез белков в нужном месте и в нужное время. Например, начальное деление и дифференцировка нейрональных клеток-предшественников зависят от таких механизмов, как транскрипционный прайминг — процесс, обеспечиваемый специфическими гранулами — P-тельцами. По мере созревания клеток мозга РНК-белковые гранулы обеспечивают транспорт транскриптов к удаленным участкам клетки. Там они регулируют локальный синтез белка, что необходимо для развития морфологии клеток мозга, созревания дендритных шипиков, а также синаптической пластичности и общей связанности нейронов. Более того, стресс гранулы, которые временно формируются в ответ на клеточный стресс, признаются важными участниками развития центральной нервной системы. Предполагается, что стресс гранулы способствуют поддержанию жизнеспособности клеток во время неблагополучных периодов, нередко сопутствующих эмбриональному развитию. Важно отметить, что мутации в генах, кодирующих основные белки РНК-белковых гранул, связаны с повышенным риском нарушений нейроразвития. Эти мутации меняют динамику РНК-белковых гранул, что приводит к нарушениям локализации и экспрессии многих мРНК транскриптов. Связанные с такими мутациями патологии нейроразвития часто характеризуются расстройствами интеллектуального развития и аутистического спектра, задержкой речевого развития и эпилепсией. В данном обзоре обобщены современные данные о роли РНК-белковых гранул, с акцентом на стресс гранулы, P-тельца и транспортные гранулы, в развитии центральной нервной системы.</p></trans-abstract><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование поддержано грантом Российского Научного Фонда № 23-14-00179.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Advani V.M., Ivanov P., 2020. Stress granule subtypes: An emerging link to neurodegeneration // Cell Mol. Life Sci. V. 77. № 23. 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