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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of General Biology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of General Biology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал общей биологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4596</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5685</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698800</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034543X25060028</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>(Indexed in “Current Contents”)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>(воспроизводится в журнале “Current Contents”)</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Latitudinal gradient of taxonomic diversity of plants and animals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ШИРОТНЫЙ ГРАДИЕНТ ТАКСОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗНООБРАЗИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ И ЖИВОТНЫХ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheremetyev</surname><given-names>S. N</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шереметьев</surname><given-names>С. Н</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>sn.sheremetiev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chebotareva</surname><given-names>K. E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чеботарева</surname><given-names>К. Е</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>sn.sheremetiev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Komarov Botanical Institute, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ботанический институт им. В.Л. Комарова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>86</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 86, NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 86, №6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>418</fpage><lpage>440</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-11-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0044-4596/article/view/698800">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0044-4596/article/view/698800</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper analyzes research on the global latitudinal gradient of biodiversity, one of the fundamental patterns in ecology and biogeography. The evolution of ideas is traced from the early observations of nineteenth-century naturalists (Humboldt, Wallace) to contemporary quantitative and model approaches. It categorizes and critically analyzes the key hypotheses explaining the increase in species richness in the tropics, including time, climate stability, productivity, spatial heterogeneity, biotic interactions, and area-related hypotheses. It pays special attention to the dynamic nature of the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity through geological time, based on the analysis of paleontological evidence of “flat”, bimodal, and inverse gradients during periods of global warming and mass extinction events. The concepts of the tropics as a “cradle” (center of speciation) and “museum” (low-extinction zone) are integrated, along with the related ideas of “phytospreading” and the “equatorial pump”. The review suggests that the latitudinal gradient of biodiversity is a dynamic pattern formed by the complex interplay of ecological, evolutionary, and historical factors, whose relative roles vary by taxon, region, and geological period.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлен анализ исследований глобального широтного градиента биоразнообразия – одной из фундаментальных закономерностей в экологии и биогеографии. Прослеживается эволюция идей от ранних наблюдений натуралистов XIX в. (Гумбольдт, Уоллес) до современных количественных и модельных подходов. В работе систематизированы и критически рассмотрены ключевые гипотезы, объясняющие увеличение видового богатства в тропиках, включая теории, связанные со временем, климатической стабильностью, продуктивностью, пространственной гетерогенностью, биотическими взаимодействиями и площадью. Особое внимание уделяется динамической природе широтного градиента биоразнообразия в геологическом времени на основе анализа палеонтологических свидетельств “плоских”, бимодальных и обратных градиентов в эпохи глобальных потеплений и массовых вымираний. Интегрируются концепции тропиков как “кольбели” (центра видообразования) и “музея” (зоны низкого вымирания), а также связанные с ними идеи “фитоспрединга” и “экваториальной помпы”. Из обзора следует, что широтный градиент биоразнообразия является динамичным паттерном, формируемым сложным взаимодействием экологических, эволюционных и исторических факторов, чья относительная роль варьирует в зависимости от таксона, региона и геологического периода.</p></trans-abstract><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания № 12302200048-0 “Молекулярные и клеточные механизмы стрессоустойчивого развития и продукционного процесса у представителей Embryophyta с различной эволюционной историей”.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Вахрамеев В.А., Добрускина И.А., 3аклинская Е.Д., Мейен С.В., 1970. Палеозойские и мезозойские флоры Евразии и фитогеография этого времени. Тр. ГИН. Вып. 208. М.: Наука. 431 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Вульф Е.В., 1932. 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