<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Human Physiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Human Physiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0131-1646</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6150</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">664031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0131164624030095</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BUCGZJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fatty acids significance in improvement athlete’s aerobic performance: review and prospects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль жирных кислот в повышении аэробной работоспособности спортсменов: обзор и перспективы исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyudinina</surname><given-names>А. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Людинина</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>salu_06@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bushmanova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бушманова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>salu_06@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bojko</surname><given-names>Е. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>Е. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>salu_06@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Ecological and Medical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ural Branch, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>50</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/664031">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/664031</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Fats are the second most important energy substrates after carbohydrates. They are actively used as energy substrate in skeletal and cardiac muscles during aerobic exercise. This review presents modern data about the effects of different exercise intensities on lipid metabolism, the profile of plasma fatty acids (FAs), and the rate of fat oxidation. FAs metabolism is chiefly determined by exercise intensities and diets of athletes. Mobilization and oxidation of FAs extension with the increase of duration and intensity exercise, and under cold conditions when fats are used for energy supply and thermoregulation. The essential and saturated FAs are the most labile to exercise. An interesting direction for future research would be a study of maximal fat oxidation as a new marker of aerobic performance (AP), since there are practically no literature resources on the contribution of different classes of FAs to the AР in elite athletes. In addition, there is no clear understanding of how FAs oxidation is regulated and limited in skeletal muscles during a high-intensity exercise, of the mechanisms of transport and utilization of different classes of FAs depending on diet and training status. Such understanding would allow us to conduct more thorough monitoring of the functional status of athletes, and design the training process suitable to aerobic loads.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Процесс окисления жирных кислот (ЖК) является вторым по значимости, после утилизации углеводов, источником энергии в организме человека и активно используется преимущественно для аэробного энергообеспечения скелетных и сердечной мышц. В обзоре представлены современные данные о влиянии физической нагрузки (ФН) разной интенсивности на показатели липидного обмена, профиль ЖК крови и скорость их окисления. Метаболизм ЖК в большей степени определяется интенсивностью ФН, а также характером питания спортсменов. Мобилизация и окисление ЖК возрастает с увеличением длительности и мощности нагрузки, а также в условиях низкой температуры окружающей среды, когда липиды используются как в целях энергообеспечения, так и терморегуляции. К наиболее лабильным, по отношению к ФН, относят насыщенные и эссенциальные ЖК. Перспективным направлением для дальнейших исследований может стать изучение показателя скорости окисления жиров — как нового маркера аэробной работоспособности (АР), так как в литературе практически отсутствуют данные о вкладе разных классов ЖК в обеспечение АР, особенно у высококвалифицированных спортсменов. Кроме того, все еще нет четкого представления, каким образом лимитируется и регулируется окисление ЖК в скелетных мышцах при нагрузках высокой интенсивности, недостаточно освещены механизмы транспорта и утилизации разных классов ЖК в зависимости от характера питания и уровня тренированности организма. Такие данные позволят проводить более информативный мониторинг функционального состояния спортсменов и выстраивать тренировочный процесс адекватно аэробным нагрузкам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fatty acids</kwd><kwd>rate of fats oxidation</kwd><kwd>aerobic performance</kwd><kwd>physical activity</kwd><kwd>skiers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>скорость окисления жиров</kwd><kwd>аэробная работоспособность</kwd><kwd>физическая нагрузка</kwd><kwd>лыжники-гонщики</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>ГР1021051201877-3-3.1.8</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Heikki R. Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science Cross Country Skiing. KIHUa Research Institute for Olympic Sports. Finland, 2003. 210 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popov D.V., Vinogradova O.L., Grigor’ev A.I. [Aerobnaya rabotosposobnost’ cheloveka] (Human Aerobic Capacity). Moscow: Nauka, 2013. 210 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попов Д.В., Виноградова О.Л., Григорьев А.И. Аэробная работоспособность человека. М.: Наука, 2013. 99 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Sandbakk O., Holmberg H.C. A Reappraisal of Success Factors for Olympic Cross-Country Skiing // Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform. 2014. V. 9. № 1. Р. 117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Helge J.W., Wu B.J., Willer M. et al. Training affects muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition in humans // J. Appl. Physiol. 2001. V. 90. № 2. Р. 670.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Spriet L.L., Watt M.J. Regulatory mechanisms in the interaction between carbohydrate and lipid oxidation during exercise // Acta Physiol. Scand. 2003. V. 178. № 4. Р. 443.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Randell R.K., Rollo I., Roberts T.J. et al. Maximal Fat Oxidation Rates in an Athletic Population // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2017. V. 49. № 1. P. 133.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Hall A.U., Edin F., Pedersen A., Madsen K. Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes // Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016. V. 41. № 4. P. 430.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Bergstrom J., Hermansen L., Hultman E., Saltin B. Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance // Acta Physiol. Scand. 1967. V. 71. № 2. Р. 140.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Hermansen L., Hultman E., Saltin B. Muscle glycogen during prolonged severe exercise // Acta Physiol. Scand. 1967. V. 71. № 2. Р. 129.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Ørtenblad N., Westerblad H., Nielsen J. Muscle glycogen stores and fatigue // J. Physiol. 2013. V. 591. № 18. Р. 4405.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Noland R.C. Exercise and Regulation of Lipid Metabolism // Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci. 2015. V. 135. Р. 39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Maunder E., Daniel J., Kilding A.E. Contextualising Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise: Determinants and Normative Values // Front. Physiol. 2018. V. 9. P. 599.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Purdom T., Kravitz L., Dokladny K., Mermier C. Understanding the factors that effect maximal fat oxidation // J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018. V. 15. P. 3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Lyudinina A.Y., Bushmanova E.A., Varlamova N.G., Bojko E.R. Dietary and plasma blood α-linolenic acid as modulator of fat oxidation and predictor of aerobic performance // J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2020. V. 17. № 1. P. 57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Rømer T., Thunestvedt Hansen M., Frandsen J. et al. The relationship between peak fat oxidation and prolonged double-poling endurance exercise performance // Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2020. V. 30. № 11. Р. 2044.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Tarnopolsky M.A., Rennie C.D., Robertshaw H.A. et al. Influence of endurance exercise training and sex on intramyocellular lipid and mitochondrial ultrastructure, substrate use, and mitochondrial enzyme activity // Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007. V. 292. № 3. P. R1271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Lyudinina A.Yu., Ivankova G.E., Bojko E.R. Priority use of medium-chain fatty acids during high-intensity exercise in cross-country skiers // J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2018. V. 15. № 1. P. 57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Fiziologo-biokhimicheskie mekhanizmy obespecheniya sportivnoi deyatel’nosti zimnikh tsiklicheskikh vidov sporta] (Physiological-Biochemical Mechanisms of Ensuring Sports Activity in Winter Cyclic Sports). Ed. Boiko E.R. Syktyvkar: Komi Respublikanskaya Tipografiya, 2019. 256 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Физиолого-биохимические механизмы обеспечения спортивной деятельности зимних циклических видов спорта / Отв. ред. Бойко Е.Р. Сыктывкар: ООО “Коми республиканская типография”, 2019. 256 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Dreyer H.C., Fujita S., Cadenas J.G. et al. Resistance exercise increases AMPK activity and reduces 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle // J. Physiol. 2006. V. 576 (Pt. 2). Р. 613.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ruderman N.B., Park H., Kaushik V.K. AMPK as a metabolic switch in rat muscle, liver and adipose tissue after exercise // Acta Physiol. Scand. 2003. V. 178. № 4. Р. 435.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Andersson A., Sjodin A., Hedman A. et al. Fatty acid profile of skeletal muscle phospholipids in trained and untrained young men // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000. V. 279. № 4. Р. E744.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Gagnon D.D., Rintamäki H., Gagnon S.S. et al. Cold exposure enhances fat utilization but not non-esterified fatty acids, glycerol or catecholamines availability during submaximal walking and running // Front. Physiol. 2013. V. 4. P. 99.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyudinina A.Yu. Comparative analysis of the fatty acid profile in the diet and blood of athletes and students // Human Physiology. 2022. V. 48. № 5. P. 563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Людинина А.Ю. Сравнительный анализ профиля жирных кислот в рационе питания и плазме крови спортсменов и студентов // Физиология человека. 2022. Т. 48. № 5. С. 82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Lippi G., Schena F., Salvagno G.L. et al. Comparison of the lipid profile and lipoprotein(a) between sedentary and highly trained subjects // Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2006. V. 44. № 3. Р. 322.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Mougios V., Ring S., Petridou A., Nikolaidis M.G. Duration of coffee- and exercise-induced changes in the fatty acid profile of human serum // J. Appl. Physiol. 2003. V. 94. № 2. Р. 476.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kiens В., Helge W.J. Adaptation to a High Fat Diet / Nutrition in Sport // Ed. Maughan R.M. Blackwell Science Ltd, 2000. 202 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Stellingwerff T., Boon H., Jonkers R.A. et al. Significant intramyocellular lipid use during prolonged cycling in endurance-trained males as assessed by three different methodologies // Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007. V. 292. № 6. Р. E1715.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Stelzer I., Kropfi J.M., Fuchs R. et al. Ultra-endurance exercise induces stress and inflammation and affects circulating cell function // Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 2015. V. 25. № 5. P. e442.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Karl J.P., Margolis L.M., Carrigan C.T. et al. Military training elicits marked increases in plasma metabolomic signatures of energy metabolism, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis // Physiol. Rep. 2017. V. 5. № 17. P. e13407.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Arab L. Biomarkers of Fat and Fatty Acid Intake // J. Nutr. 2003. V. 113. Suppl. 3(3). Р. 925S.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Hodson L., Skeaff C.M., Fielding B.A. Fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and blood in humans and its use as a biomarker of dietary intake // Prog. Lipid Res. 2008. V. 47. № 5. P. 348.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Calder P.C., Waitzberg D.L., Klek S., Martindale R.G. Lipids in Parenteral Nutrition: Biological Aspects // J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 2020. V. 44. Suppl. 1. Р. S21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Simopoulos A.P. The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, genetic variation, and cardiovascular disease // Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008. V. 17. Suppl. 1. Р. 131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Marangonia F., Colomboa C., Martielloa A. et al. The fatty acid profiles in a drop of blood from a fingertip correlate with physiological, dietary and lifestyle parameters in volunteers // Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2007. V. 76. № 2. P. 87.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Carey R.A., Montag D. Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism // BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2021. V. 7. № 2. P. e000930.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Mickleborough T.D. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Physical Performance Optimization // Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2013. V. 23. № 1. Р. 83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zebrovska A., Mizia-Stec K., Mizia M. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation improves endothelial function and maximal oxygen uptake in endurance-trained athletes // Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2015. V. 15. № 4. Р. 305.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Philpott J.D., Witard O.C., Galloway S.D.R. Applications of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for sport performance // Res. Sports Med. 2019. V. 27. № 2. Р. 219.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova T.F., Nikitina T.M., Kochetkova N.I. [Labil’nye komponenty massy tela-kriterii obshchei fizicheskoi podgotovlennosti i kontrolya tekushchei i dolgovremennoi adaptatsii k trenirovochnym nagruzkam: metodicheskie rekomendatsii] (Labile Components of Body Weight-Criteria for General Physical Fitness and Control of Current and Long-Term Adaptation to Training Loads: Methodological Recommendations). Moscow: Skaiprint, 2013. 132 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова Т.Ф., Никитина Т.М., Кочеткова Н.И. Лабильные компоненты массы тела – критерии общей физической подготовленности и контроля текущей и долговременной адаптации к тренировочным нагрузкам. Методические рекомендации. М.: ООО "Скайпринт", 2013. 132 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Da Boit M., Hunter A.M., Gray S.R. Fit with good fat? The role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on exercise performance // Metabolism. 2017. V. 66. Р. 45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Peric R., Meucci M., Bourdon P.C., Nikolovski Z. Does the aerobic threshold correlate with the maximal fat oxidation rate in short stage treadmill tests? // J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness. 2018. V. 58. № 10. Р. 1412.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Amaro-Gahete F.J., Sanchez-Delgado G., Jurado-Fasoli L. et al. Assessment of maximal fat oxidation during exercise: A systematic review // Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2019. V. 29. № 7. Р. 910.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Holloszy J.O. Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle // J. Biol. Chem. 1967. V. 242. № 9. Р. 2278.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Glancy B., Hartnell L.M., Malide D. et al. Mitochondrial reticulum for cellular energy distribution in muscle // Nature. 2015. V. 523. № 7562. Р. 617.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>San-Millán I., Brooks G.A. Assessment of Metabolic Flexibility by Means of Measuring Blood Lactate, Fat, and Carbohydrate Oxidation Responses to Exercise in Professional Endurance Athletes and Less-Fit Individuals // Sports Med. 2018. V. 48. № 2. P. 467.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyudinina A.Yu., Bushmanova E.A., Loginova T.P. et al. The fat oxidation rate at rest and under exercise load "until exhaustion" in Nordic skiers // Sports Med. Res. Pract. 2018. V. 8. № 3. Р. 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Людинина А.Ю., Бушманова Е.А., Логинова Т.П. и др. Скорость окисления жиров у лыжников-гонщиков в состоянии покоя и при физической нагрузке "до отказа" // Спортивная медицина: наука и практика. 2018. Т. 8. № 3. С. 13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Ekblom B. Applied physiology of soccer // Sports Med. 1986. V. 3. № 1. Р. 50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim Y.B., Shulman G.I., Kahn B.B. Fatty acid infusion selectively impairs insulin action on Aktl and protein kinase С lambda/zeta but not on glycogen synthase kinase-3 // J. Biol. Chem. 2002. V. 277. № 36. P. 32915.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim Y.B., Shulman G.I., Kahn B.B. Fatty acid infusion selectively impairs insulin action on Aktl and protein kinase С lambda/zeta but not on glycogen synthase kinase-3 // J. Biol. Chem. 2002. V. 277. № 36. Р. 32915.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Venables M.C., Achten J., Jeukendrup A.E. Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study // J. Appl. Physiol. 2005. V. 98. № 1. Р. 160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Achten J., Jeukendrup A.E. Maximal fat oxidation during exercise in trained men // Int. J. Sports Med. 2003. V. 24. № 8. P. 603.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Jeppesen J., Kiens B. Regulation and limitations to fatty acid oxidation during exercise // J. Physiol. 2012. V. 590. № 5. P.1059.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Solomon T.P., Sistrun S.N., Krishnan R.K. et al. Exercise and diet enhance fat oxidation and reduce insulin resistance in older obese adults // J. Appl. Physiol. 2008. V. 104. № 5. Р. 13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Ipavec-Levasseur S., Croci I., Choquette S. et al. Effect of 1-H moderate-intensity aerobic exerciseon intramyocellular lipids in obese men before and after a lifestyle intervention // Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2015. V. 40. № 12. Р. 1262.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyudinina A.Yu., Bushmanova E.A., Garnov I.O. et al. [Promising markers of physical and aerobic performance of athletes in cyclic sports, SpotMed-2021 / Proc. XVIth Int. Sci. Conf. on Current State and Prospects of Medicine in Elite Sports]. Moscow: Rossiiskaya Assotsiatsiya po Sportivnoi Meditsine i Reabilitatsii Bol’nykh i Invalidov, 2021. P. 76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Людинина А.Ю., Бушманова Е.А., Гарнов И.О. и др. Перспективные маркеры физической и аэробной работоспособности атлетов циклических видов спорта / Сборник материалов тезисов XVI Международной научной конференции по вопросам состояния и перспективам развития медицины в спорте высших достижений "СпортМед-2021". М.: ООО "Российская ассоциация по спортивной медицине и реабилитации больных и инвалидов" (РАСМИРБИ), 2021. С. 76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Saunders P.U., Telford R.D., Pyne D.B. et al. Improved running economy in elite runners after 20 days of simulated moderate-altitude exposure // J. Appl. Physiol. 2004. V. 96. № 3. Р. 931.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>McGlory C., Galloway S.D., Hamilton D.L. et al. Temporal changes in human skeletal muscle and blood lipid composition with fish oil supplementation // Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2014. V. 90. № 6. Р. 199.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
