<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Human Physiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Human Physiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0131-1646</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6150</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">664070</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S013116462370039X</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EPNFKK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of 3 Weeks of Strict Head‑Down Tilt Bed Rest on Human Muscle Fuction and Architecture</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние 21-суточной антиорстатической гипокинезии на архитектуру и функцию скелетной мышцы у человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koryak</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коряк</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yurikoryak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prochiy</surname><given-names>R. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прочий</surname><given-names>Р. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yurikoryak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Knutova</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кнутова</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>yurikoryak@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Problems of the RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН ГНЦ РФ – Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-11-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Ю.А. Коряк, Р.Р. Прочий, Н.С. Кнутова</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Ю.А. Коряк, Р.Р. Прочий, Н.С. Кнутова</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ю.А. Коряк, Р.Р. Прочий, Н.С. Кнутова</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ю.А. Коряк, Р.Р. Прочий, Н.С. Кнутова</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/664070">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/664070</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45257550193200">The aim of this study was to first, experimentally measure in vivo changes in the length, fiber angle and thickness of the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MG) in young men in response to changes in foot position and joint moment during isometric plantar flexion and, in secondly, to compare the changes in the above characteristics of the muscular architecture that occur during the transition from a state of rest to a given isometric intensity during plantar flexion. The internal architecture of the MG was determined after 21-day of strict head‑down tilt bed rest (HDT). MG scanning was performed using ultrasound at rest at ankle joint angles of –15° (dorsiflexion), 0° (neutral), +15° and +30° (plantar flexion). Additional ultrasounds were performed during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and additionally at 80, 60, 40, and 20% of the MVC with the ankle in neutral position. In each position, longitudinal ultrasound images of the MG were obtained in a relaxed (passive) state with the determination of the length (L<sub>f</sub>) and angles of fascicles (Θ<sub>f</sub>) relative to the aponeurosis. After HDT, the thickness of the MG during graduated isometric force up to 80% of the MVC in the neutral position of the ankle joint remained constant. Various L<sub>f</sub> and Θ<sub>f</sub> and their changes after HDT can be a limiting factor in the generation of muscle contractile functions. The results of the study show that the change in muscle structure during contraction compared to rest, as measured by changes in muscle architecture, can be used to assess muscle mechanical output.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45257550168288">Цель данного исследования заключалась в том, чтобы, во-первых, количественно описать взаимоотношение между суставными углами и архитектурой мышцы (длины, угла наклона волокон) и толщины медиальной икроножной мышцы (МИМ) у молодых мужчин в условиях <italic>in vivo</italic> при пассивном (расслабленном) и активном (сокращающемся) состояниях и, во-вторых, сравнить изменения в вышеуказанных характеристиках мышечной архитектуры, возникающих при переходе от состояния покоя к заданной изометрической интенсивности при подошвенном сгибании в условиях 21-суточной антиортостатической гипокинезии (АНОГ), создаваемой относительно жестким постельным режимом, с участием 6 мужчин. Сканирование МИМ выполнялось с помощью ультразвукового исследования (УЗИ) на уровне 30% расстояния между подколенной складкой и центром наружной лодыжки в покое при углах голеностопного сустава –15° (тыльное сгибание), 0° (нейтральное положение), +15° и +30° (подошвенное сгибание). Дополнительные УЗИ были выполнены во время максимального произвольного сокращения (МПС) и при усилиях 80, 60, 40 и 20% МПС при нейтральном положении голеностопного сустава. В каждом положении были получены продольные ультразвуковые изображения МИМ в расслабленном (пассивном) и активном состояниях с определением длины (<italic>L</italic><sub>в</sub>) и угла наклона волокон (\(\Theta \)<sub>в</sub>) относительно апоневроза. После АНОГ МПС увеличилась на 4.1%. До АНОГ при увеличении угла голеностопного сустава МИМ от 15 до + + 30° \(\Theta \)<sub>в</sub> увеличивался от 23 до 27 (19.4%, <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.05) в покое и от 23 до 53 (130%; <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.01) во время МПС, а <italic>L</italic><sub>в</sub> уменьшалась с 32 до 27 мм (15.6%, <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.05) в покое и от 36 до 22 мм (39%; <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.05) во время МПС. Толщина МИМ существенно не различалась между покоем и МПС. После АНОГ \(\Theta \)<sub>в</sub> МИМ во время развития МПС был увеличен на 22–47 (113.6%, <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.01), а <italic>L</italic><sub>в</sub> была уменьшена на 31–21 мм (32.2%, <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.01) по сравнению с покоем. Во время выполнения градуируемой изометрической силы из состояния покоя до 100% МПС \(\Theta \)<sub>в</sub> постепенно увеличивался от 32 до 47 (44.8%, <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.01), а <italic>L</italic><sub>в</sub> уменьшалась от 27 до 23 мм (14.8%, <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0.01). Толщина МИМ во время градуируемой изометрической силы до 80% от МПС при нейтральном положении голеностопного сустава оставалась постоянной. Различные <italic>L</italic><sub>в</sub> и \(\Theta \)<sub>в</sub> и их изменения после АНОГ могут быть лимитирующими факторами генерации сократительных функций мышц. Результаты исследования показывают, что как угол наклона, так и длина волокон МИМ изменяются как в ответ на изменения угла голеностопного сустава в покое, так и во время изометрических сокращений при интенсивностях до 100% МПС. Изменения в строении мышц после 21-суточной разгрузки мышечного аппарата условиях АНОГ во время выполнения сокращения по сравнению с отдыхом, оцениваемое по изменению архитектуры мышцы, может быть использовано в оценке механической продукции мышцы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ultrasonography</kwd><kwd>pennate muscle</kwd><kwd>lengths and</kwd><kwd>head‑down tilt bed rest</kwd><kwd>medial gastrocnemius muscle</kwd><kwd>voluntary contraction</kwd><kwd>force and force-velocity properties.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>перистая мышца</kwd><kwd>угол наклона</kwd><kwd>длина волокон</kwd><kwd>антиортостатическая гипокинезия</kwd><kwd>медиальная икроножная мышца</kwd><kwd>произвольное сокращение</kwd><kwd>силовые и скоростно-силовые свойства.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sibonga J.D., Cavanagh P.R., Lang Th.F. et al. Adaptation of the Skeletal System During Long-Duration Spaceflight // Clinic. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab. 2007. V. 5. P. 249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ploutz-Snyder L., Ryder J., English K. et al. NASA evidence report: risk of impaired performance due to reduced muscle mass, strength, and endurance. 2015. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas, HRP 47072.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Petersen N., Lambrecht G., Scott J. et al. Postflight reconditioning for European Astronauts – A case report of recovery after six months in space // Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract. 2017. V. 27. P. S23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Gopalakrishnan R., Gencenc K.O., Rice A.J. et al. Muscle volume, strength, endurance, and exercise loads during 6-month missions in space // Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2010. V. 81. № 2. P. 91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Koryak Yu.A. Isokinetic force and work capacity after long-duration Space Station Mir and short-term International Space Station missions // Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 2020. V. 91. № 5. P. 422.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Akima H., Foley J.M., Prior B.M. et al. Vastus lateralis fatigue alters recruitment of musculus quadriceps femoris in humans // J. Appl. Physiol. 2002. V. 92. № 2. P. 679.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Alkner B.A., Tesch P.A. Knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle size and function following 90 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004. V. 93. № 3. P. 294.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Loram I.D., Maganaris C.N., Lakie M. Paradoxical muscle movement in human standing // J. Physiol. 2004. V. 556. Pt. 3. P. 683.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Stapley P., Pozzo T., Grishin A., Papaxanthis C. Investigating centre of mass stabilisation as the goal of posture and movement coordination during human whole body reaching // Biol. Cybern. 2000. V. 82. № 2. P. 161.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Sarabon N., Stefan L., Jan C. et al. Strength training in elderly people improves static balance: a randomized controlled trial // Eur. J. Transl. Myol. Basic Appl. Myol. 2013. V. 23. № 3. P. 85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Friedrich J.A., Brand R.A. Muscle fiber architecture in the human lower limb // J. Bioтech. 1990. V. 23. № 1. P. 91.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Wickiewicz T.L., Roy R.R., Powell P.L., Edgerton V.R. Muscle architecture of the human lower limb // Clin. Orthop. 1983. V. 179. P. 275.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Huijing P.A., Woittiez R.D. Length гange, morphology and mechanical behavioure of гat gastrocnemius during isometric contraction at the level of the muscle tendon complex // Netherl. J. Zoology. 1982. V. 35. P. 505.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Huijing P.A. Architecture of the human gastrocnemius muscle and some functional consequences // Acta Anat. 1985. V. 123. № 2. P. 101.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>LeBlanc A., Lin C., Shackelford L. et al. Muscle volume, MRI relaxation times (T2), and body composition after spaceflight // J. Appl. Physiol. 2000. V. 89. № 6. P. 2158.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Rugg S.G., Gregor R.J., Mandelbaum B.R., Chiu L. In vivo moment arm calculation at the ankle using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) // J. Biomech. 1990. V. 23. № 5. P. 495.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Narici M.V., Binzoni T., Hiltbrand E. et al. In vivo human gastrocnemius architecture with changing joint angle at rest and during graded isometric contraction // J. Physiol. 1996. V. 496. Pt. 1. P. 287.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kawakami Y., Abe T., Fukunaga T. Training-induced changes in muscle architecture and specific tension // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1995. V. 72. № 1–2. P. 37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Fukunaga T., Kawakami Y., Kuno S. et al. Muscle architecture and function in humans // J. Biomechanics. 1997. V. 30. № 5. P. 457.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Reeves N.D., Maganaris C.N., Narici M.V. Ultrasonographic assessement of human skeletal muscle size // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004. V. 91. № 1. P. 116.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Gans C. Fiber architecture and muscle function // Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 1982. V. 10. P. 160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Gans C., Gaunt A.S. Muscle architecture in relation to function // J. Biomech. 1991. V. 24. P. 53.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lieber R.L. Skeletal muscle structure and function Implications for rehabilitation and sports medicine. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. Md, 1992. 303 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Kawakami Y., Abe T., Fukunaga T. Muscle-fiber pennation angles are greater in hypertrophied than in normal muscles // J. Appl. Physiol. 1993. V. 74. № 6. P. 2740.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Gans C., Bock W.J. The functional significance of muscle architecture – a theoretical analysis // Ergeb. Anat. Entwicklungsgesch. 1965. V. 38. P. 115.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Specimen of Elements of Myology (trans. Collins M.E., Maquet P., Kardet T.) / Kardet T. Steno on Muscles, Transactions of the Amer. Philosophical Soc., 1994. V. 84. P. 76.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Fukunaga T., Ichinose Y., Ito M. et al. Determination of fascicle length and pennation in a contracting human muscle in vivo // J. Appl. Physiol. 1997. V. 82. № 1. P. 354.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander R.McN., Vernon A. The dimensions of knee and ankle muscles and the forces they exert // J. Human Movem. Studies. 1975. V. 1. P. 115.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Muhl Z.F. Active length-tension relation and the effect of muscle pennation on fibre lengthening // J. Morphol. 1982. V. 173. № 3. P. 285.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kakurin L.I., Lobachik V.I., Mikhailov V.M., Senkevich Yu.A. Antiorthostatic hypokinesia as a method of weightlessness simulation // Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1976. V. 47. № 10. P. 1083.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Катковский Б.С., Георгиевский Г.В., Мачинский В.М. и др. Некоторые физиологические эффекты, вызванные 30-дневным постельным режимом в разных положениях тела // Косм. биол. авиакосм. мед. 1980. Т. 14. № 4. С. 55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Hargens A.R., Vico L. Long-duration bed rest as an analog to microgravity // J. Appl. Physiol. 2016. V. 120. № 8. P. 891.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Brown L.E., Weir J.P. ASEP procedures recommendation I: Accurate assessment of muscular strength and power // J. Exerc. Physiol. Online. 2001. V. 4. P. 1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Häkkinen K., Keskinen K.L. Muscle cross-sectional area and voluntary force production characteristics in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes and sprinters // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1989. V. 59. № 3. P. 215.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Коряк Ю.А. Адаптация скелетных мышц к изменению нагрузки. Экспериментальное исследование / LAP LAMBERT Acad. Publisahid GmbH &amp; Co. KG Germany, 2011. С. 402.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Fukunaga T., Roy R.R., Shellock F.G. et al. Physiological cross-sectional area of human leg muscles based on magnetic resonance imaging // J. Orthop. Res. 1992. V. 10. № 6. P. 928.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Berg H.E., Tedner B., Tesch P.A. Changes in lower limb muscle cross-sectional area and tissue fluid volume after transition from standing to supine // Acta Physiol. Scand. 1993. V. 148. № 4. P. 379.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Blaber A.P., Goswami N., Bondar R.L., Kassam M.S. Impairment of cerebral blood flow regulation in astronauts with orthostatic intolerance after flight // Stroke. 2011. V. 42. № 7. P. 1844.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Коряк Ю.А., Кузьмина М.М. Изучение архитектуры и функций скелетных мышц человека с помощью ультразвукового сканирования // Авиакосмич. и эколог. мед. 2008. Т. 42. № 1. С. 49.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Коряк Ю.А., Кузьмина М.М., Бережинский И.В., Коваленко В.М. Продолжительная электромиостимуляционная тренировка мышц у человека в условиях механической разгрузки двигательного аппарата и ее влияние на архитектуру и функцию трехглавой мышцы голени // Фундамен. исслед. 2010. № 3. С. 68.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Koryak Yu.A. Architectural and functional specifics of the human triceps surae muscle in vivo and its adaptation to microgravity // J. Appl. Physiol. 2019. V. 126. № 4. P. 880.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Koryak Yu.A. Changes in human skeletal muscle archi-tecture and function induced by extended spaceflight // J. Biomech. 2019. V. 97. P. 109408.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Коряк Ю.А. Функциональное и клиническое значение архитектоники скелетных мышц человека // Физиология человека. 2008. Т. 34. № 4. С. 102. Koryak Yu.A. Functional and clinical significance of the architecture of human skeletal muscles // Human Physiology. 2008. V. 34. № 4. P. 482.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Blazevich A.J., Gill N.D., Zhou S. Intra- and intermuscular variation in human quadriceps femoris architecture assessed in vivo // J. Anat. 2006. V. 209. № 3. P. 289.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Kawakami Y., Ichinose Y., Fukunaga T. Architectural and functional features of human triceps surae muscles during contraction // J. Appl. Physiol. 1998. V. 85. № 2. P. 398.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Lloyd R.S., Faigenbaum A.D., Stone M.H. et al. Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus // Br. J. Sports Med. 2014. V. 48. № 7. P. 498.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Magnusson S.P., Aagaard P., Dyhre-Poulsen P., Kjaer M. Load-displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis in vivo // J. Physiol. 2001. V. 531. Pt. 1. P. 277.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Rosager S., Aagaard P., Dyhre-Poulsen P. et al. Load-displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis and tendon in runners and non-runners // Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 2002. V. 12. № 2. P. 90.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Мартьянов В.А. Степень использования скоростно-силовых возможностей нервно-мышечного аппарата при произвольных усилиях // Физиол. журн. СССР им. И.М. Сеченова. 1974. Т. 60(9). С. 1416.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Мартьянов В.А., Копылов Ю.А., Гнутов М.И. Степень использования возможностей мышечного аппарата при максимальном произвольном усилии // Физиол. журн. СССР им. И.М. Сеченова. 1972. Т. 58(9). С. 1390.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Мартьянов В.А., Коряк Ю.А. Повышение произвольной силы под действием дополнительно вызванных афферентных влияний // Физиол. журн. СССР им. И.М. Сеченова. 1973. Т. 59(11). С. 1756.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Del Vecchio A., Falla D., Felici F., Farina D. The relative strength of common synaptic input to motor neurons is not a determinant of the maximal rate of force development in humans // J. Appl. Physiol. 2019. V. 127. № 1. P. 205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Del Vecchio A., Falla D., Felici F., Farina D. The relative strength of common synaptic input to motor neurons is not a determinant of the maximal rate of force development in humans // J. Appl. Physiol. 2019. V. 127. № 1. P. 205.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Seynnes O.R., Maganaris C.N., de Boer M.D. et al. Early structural adaptations to unloading in the human calf muscles // Acta Physiol. 2008. V. 193. № 3. P. 265.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Clark B.C., Manini T.M., Bolanowski S.J., Ploutz-Snyder L.L., Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: II. Neurological properties and motor imagery efficacy // J. Appl. Physiol. 2006. V. 101. № 1. P. 264.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Киренская А.И., Козловская И.Б., Сирота М.Г. Влияние иммерсионной гипокинезии на характеристики ритмической активности двигательных единиц камбаловидной мышцы // Косм. биол. и авиакосм. мед. 1985. Т. 19. № 6. С. 27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Duchateau J. Bed rest induces neural and contractile adaptations in triceps surae // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1995. V. 27. № 12. P. 1581.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Sugajima Y., Mitara L., Koeda M., Moritani T. Characteristic changes of motor unit activity in hip joint flexor muscles during voluntary isometric contraction during water immersion // J. Elecrromyogr. Kinesiol. 1995. V. 6. № 2. P. 83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Andersen L.L., Andersen J.L., Suetta Ch. et al. Effect of contrasting physical exercise interventions on rapid force capacity of chronically painful muscles // J. Appl. Physiol. 2009. V. 107. № 5. P. 1413.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Hamada T., Sale D.G., MacDougall J.D., Tarnopolsky M.A. Postactivation potentiation, fiber type, and twitch contraction time in human knee extensor muscles // J. Appl. Physiol. 2000. V. 88. № 6. P. 2131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Desmedt J.E., Godaux E. Ballistic contractions in man: characteristic recruitment pattern of single motor units of the tibialis anterior muscle // J. Physiol. 1977. V. 264. № 3. P. 673.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Vila-Cha C., Falla D., Correia M.V., Farina D. Changes in H reflex and V wave following short-term endurance and strength training // J. Appl. Physiol. 2012. V. 112. № 1. P. 54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Andersen L.L., Aagaard P. Influence of maximal muscle strength and intrinsic muscle contractile properties on contractile rate of force development // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2006. V. 96. № 1. P. 46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>De Ruiter C.J., Kooistra R.D., Paalman M.I., de Haan A. Initial phase of maximal voluntary and electrically stimulated knee extension torque development at different knee angles // J. Appl. Physiol. 2004. V. 97. № 5. P. 1693.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Maffiuletti N.A., Aagaard P., Blazevich A.J. et al. Rate of force development: Physiological and methodological considerations // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2016. V. 116. № 6. P. 1091.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Dideriksen J.L., Del Vecchio A., Farina D. Neural and muscular determinants of maximal rate of force development // J. Neurophysiol. 2020. V. 123. № 1. P.149.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Holtermann A., Roeleveld K., Vereijken B., Etterma G. The effect of rate of force development on maximal force production: acute and training-related aspects // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007. V. 99. № 6. P. 605.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Buller A.J., Lewis D.M. The rate of tension development in isometric tetanic contractions of mammalian fast and slow skeletal muscle // J. Physiol. 1965. V. 176. № 3. P. 337.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Коц Я.М., Коряк Ю.А. Длительность “активного состояния” и скорость развития тетанического изометрического напряжения мышц-антагонистов голени // Теория и практ. физич. культ. 1981. № 2. С. 16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>De Haan A. The influence of stimulation frequency on force-velocity characteristics of in situ rat medial gastrocnemius muscle // Exp. Physiol. 1998. V. 83. № 1. P. 77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Deutekom M., Beltman J.G., de Ruiter C.J. et al. No acute effects of short-term creatine supplementation on muscle properties and sprint performance // Eur. J Appl. Physiol. 2000. V. 82. № 3. P. 223.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Duchateau J., Enoka R.M. Human motor unit recordings: origins andinsight into the integrated motor system // Brain Res. 2011. V. 1409. P. 42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Kozlovskaya I.B., Aslanova I.F., Kirenskaya A.V. The effect of support unloading in characteristics of motor control systems activity / 5th Inter. Symp. on Motor Control // Ed. Gidikov A. N.-Y., Pergamon Press, 1986. P. 149.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Blazevich A.J., Cannavan D., Horne S. et al. Changes in muscle force–length properties affect the early rise of force in vivo // Muscle Nerve. 2009. V. 39. № 4. P. 512.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Bojsen-Møller J., Magnusson S.P., Rasmussen L.R. et al. Muscle performance during maximal isometric and dynamic contractions is influenced by the stiffness of the tendinous structures // J. Appl. Physiol. 2005. V. 99. № 3. P. 986.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Blazevich A.J. Effects of physical training and detraining, immobilisation, growth and aging on human fascicle geometry // Sport. Med. 2006. V. 36. № 12. P. 1003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Lieber R.L., Fridén J. Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture // Muscle Nerve. 2000. V. 23. № 11. P. 1647.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Ichinose Y., Kawakami Y., Fukunaga T. In vivo measurement of fascicle arrangement in human vastus lateralis muscle using ultrasound / XVth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics // Eds. Häkkinen K., Keskinen K.L., Komi P.V., Mero A. Gummerus, Jyvaskyla, 1995. P. 412.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Maganaris C.N., Vasilios Baltzopoulos V., Sargeant A.J. In vivo measurements of the triceps surae complex architecture in man: implications for muscle function // J. Physiol. 1998. V. 512. Pt. 2. P. 603.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Héroux M.E., Stubbs P.W., Herbert R.D. Behavior of human gastrocnemius muscle fascicles during ramped submaximal isometric contractions // Physiol. Rep. 2016. V. 4. № 17. P. e12947.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Pandy M.G., Zajac F.E. Optimal muscular coordination strategies for jumping // J. Biomech. 1991. V. 24. № 1. P. 1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Kawakami Y., Akima H., Kubo K. et al. Changes in muscle size, architecture, and neural activation after 20 days of bed rest with and without resistance exercise // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001. V. 84. № 1–2. P. 7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Narici M., Cerretelli P. Changes in human muscle architecture in disuse-atrophy evaluated by ultrasound imaging // J. Gravit. Physiol. 1998. V. 5. № 1. P. P73.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Gordon A.M., Huxley A.F., Jullian F.J. The variation in isometric tension with sarcomere length in vertebrate muscle fibres // J. Physiol. 1966. V. 184. № 1. P. 170.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Narici M.V., Maganaris C.N. Plasticity of the muscle-tendon complex with disuse and aging // Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2007. V. 35. № 3. P. 126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Kawakami Y., Abe T., Kaneshisa H., Fukunaga T. Human skeletal muscle size: variability and interdependence // Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2006. V. 18. № 6. P. 845.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Huijing P.A. Architecture of the human gastrocnemius muscle and some functional consequences // Acta Anat. 1985. V. 123. № 2. P. 101.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Walker S.M., Schrodt G.R. I-segment lengths and thin filament periods in skeletal muscle fibers of the Rhesus monkey and the human // Anat. Rec. 1974. V. 178. № 1. P. 63.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Kawakami Y., Abe T., Kuno S.Y., Fukunaga T. Training-induced changes in muscle architecture and specific tension // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 1995. V. 72. № 1–2. P. 37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Blazevich A.J., Giorgi A. Effect of testosterone administration and weight training on muscle architecture // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2001. V. 33. № 10. P. 1688.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Ruple B.A., Mesquita P.H.C., Godwin J.S. et al. Changes in vastus lateralis fibre cross-sectional area, pennation angle and fascicle length do not predict changes in muscle cross-sectional area // Exp. Physiol. 2022. V. 107. № 11. P. 1216.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>de Ruiter C.J., Van Leeuwen D., Heijblom A. et al. Fast unilateral isometric knee extension torque development and bilateral jump height // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006. V. 38. № 10. P. 1843.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>de Ruiter C.J., Vermeulen G., Toussaint H.M., de Haan A. Isometric knee-extensor torque development and jump height in volleyball players // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007. V. 39. № 8. P. 1336.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Tillin N.A., Jimenez-Reyes P., Pain M.T.G., Folland J.P. Neuromuscular performance of explosive power athletes versus untrained Individuals // Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010. V. 42. № 4. P. 781.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Koryak Yu. Influence of simulated microgravity on mechanical properties in the human triceps surae muscle in vivo. I: Effect of 120 days of bed‑rest without physical training on human muscle musculo‑tendinous stiffness and contractile properties in young women // Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2014. V. 114. № 5. P. 1025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Koryak Yu. Influence of simulated microgravity on mechanical properties in the human triceps surae muscle in vivo. II. Effect of 120-days of bed rest with physical training on human muscle contractile properties and musculo-tendinous stiffness in young women // Central Eur. J. Sport Sci. and Med. 2015. V. 11. № 3. P. 125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Stafilidis S., Arampatzis A. Muscle – tendon unit mechanical and morphological properties and sprint performance // J. Sports Sci. 2007. V. 25. № 9. P. 1035.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Farkas G.A., Roussos C. Diaphragm in emphysematous hamsters: sarcomer adaptability // J. Appl. Physiol. 1983. V. 54. № 6. P. 1635.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Clément G., Gurfinkel V.S., Lestienne F. et al. Changes of posture transient perturbations in microgravity // Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1985. V. 56. № 7. P. 666.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Murray M.P., Guten G.N., Baldwin J.M., Gardner G.M. A comparison of plantar flexion torque with and without the triceps surae // Acta Orthop. Scand. 1976. V. 47. № 1. P. 122.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
