<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Human Physiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Human Physiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0131-1646</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6150</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">684034</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0131164625030124</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">THDLGE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modulation of human adaptation processes to weightlessness conditions by artificial reproduction of weight load effects in space flight</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Модуляция процессов адаптации человека к условиям невесомости искусственным воспроизведением эффектов действия весовой нагрузки в космическом полете</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fomin-fomin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Senatorova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сенаторова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fomin-fomin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanov</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романов</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fomin-fomin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babich</surname><given-names>D. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабич</surname><given-names>Д. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fomin-fomin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biomedical Problems, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН ГНЦ РФ – Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-12"><day>12</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/684034">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/684034</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>At present, the mechanisms of human adaptation to the action of weightlessness, which humans, as a biological species, have encountered only recently, continue to be intensively studied. Understanding the mechanisms of human adaptation to weightlessness allows us to propose ways of modulating this process with preservation of useful adaptive reactions against the background of suppression of negative syndromes characteristic of space flight and inhibition of mechanisms preventing favorable functioning of physiological systems after returning to the conditions of gravity. One of the integral components of the system of countermeasure of the negative influence of weightlessness is artificial reproduction of the effects of gravity, i.e. imitation of the impact on the human body of the weight load characteristic of the Earth conditions. The article considers the role of artificial reproduction of the effects of the weight load corresponding in value to the weight of the human body before the space flight. The article tests the hypothesis about the possibility of modulation of adaptation processes to weightlessness conditions by providing the necessary sensory inflow to the receptors of gravity-dependent physiological systems and its influence on the processes of re-adaptation to Earth conditions. The “weight” loading used during the flight was analyzed, as well as the data of pre-flight, flight and post-flight tests on the performance of 10 cosmonauts who performed long space flights with an average duration of 173 ± 33 days. It is shown that regular reproduction of the effects of weight load corresponding to the human body mass on Earth allows to modulate the process of human adaptation to weightlessness.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящее время продолжают интенсивно изучаться механизмы адаптации человека к действию фактора невесомости, с которым человек как биологический вид встретился совсем недавно. Понимание механизмов адаптации человека к условиям невесомости позволяет предложить способы модуляции этого процесса с сохранением полезных приспособительных реакций на фоне приглушения негативных синдромов, характерных для космического полета (КП) и торможения механизмов, препятствующих благоприятному функционированию физиологических систем после возвращения в условия действия силы тяжести. Одним из неотъемлемых составляющих системы профилактики негативного влияния невесомости является искусственное воспроизведение эффектов действия силы тяжести, т.е. имитация воздействия на организм человека характерной для условий Земли весовой нагрузки. В статье рассматривается роль искусственного воспроизведения эффектов действия весовой нагрузки, соответствующей по величине массе тела человека до КП. В статье проверяется гипотеза о возможности модуляции процессов адаптации к условиям невесомости с помощью обеспечения необходимого сенсорного притока к рецепторам гравизависимых физиологических систем и ее влияние на протекание процессов реадаптации к условиям Земли. Проведен анализ используемого в ходе полета «весового» нагружения, а также анализ данных дополетных, полетных и послеполетных тестов на работоспособность 10 космонавтов, выполнивших полугодовые КП со средней продолжительностью 173 ± 33 суток. Показано, что регулярное воспроизведение эффектов весовой нагрузки, соответствующей массе тела человека на Земле, позволяет модулировать процесс адаптации человека к невесомости.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>long space flight</kwd><kwd>countermeasure system</kwd><kwd>cardiopulmonary exercise testing</kwd><kwd>step-increasing load</kwd><kwd>isokinetic testing</kwd><kwd>weight load imitation.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>длительный космический полет</kwd><kwd>система профилактики</kwd><kwd>кардиореспираторное нагрузочное тестирование</kwd><kwd>ступенчато-возрастающая нагрузка</kwd><kwd>изокинетическое тестирование</kwd><kwd>имитация весовой нагрузки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Госкорпорация «Роскосмос» (Москва)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State Corporation Roscosmos (Moscow)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gunga H.C. Human physiology in extreme environments. Academic Press. London, 2020. 349 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajdaraliev A.A., Maksimov A.L. [Human adaptation to extreme conditions: Forecasting experience]. Sankt-Peterburg: «Nauka», 1988. 126 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Айдаралиев А.А., Максимов А.Л. Адаптация человека к экстремальным условиям: Опыт прогнозирования. Санкт-Петербург: «Наука», 1988. 126 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oppedizano M., Luidzhievich D., Artyuh L.Yu. [Human adaptation to extreme conditions of activity. Physiological mechanisms (structural trace of adaptation)] // Forcipe. 2021. V. 4. № 4. P. 18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оппедизано М., Луиджиевич Д., Артюх Л.Ю. Адаптация человека к экстремальным условиям деятельности. Физиологические механизмы (структурный след адаптации) // Forcipe. 2021. T. 4. № 4. C. 18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev D.V., Suslina I. [Physiological factors conditioning human physical efficiency at different stages of adaptation for the muscle activity] // Fundament. Res. 2012. № 9–4. P. 820.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев Д.В., Суслина И. Физиологические факторы, обусловливающие физическую работоспособность человека на разных этапах адаптации к мышечной деятельности // Фундаментальные исследования. 2012. № 9–4. C. 820.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Norsk P. Adaptation of the cardiovascular system to weightlessness: Surprises, paradoxes and implications for deep space missions // Acta Physiol. 2020. V. 228. № 3. P. e13434.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Norsk P. Adaptation of the cardiovascular system to weightlessness: surprises, paradoxes and implications for deep space missions // Acta Physiol. 2020. V. 228. № 3. P. e13434.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Trudel G., Shahin N., Ramsay T. et al. Hemolysis contributes to anemia during long-duration space flight // Nat. Med. 2022. V. 28. № 1. P. 59.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Scott J.M., Stoudemire J., Dolan L., Downs M. Leveraging spaceflight to advance cardiovascular research on earth // Circulat. Res. 2022. V. 130. № 6. P. 942.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Grigor’ev A., Orlov O., Baranov V. Space medicine: Scientific foundations, achievements, and challenges // Her. Russ. Acad. Sci. 2021. V. 91. № 6. P. 626.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Stavnichuk M., Mikolajewicz N., Corlett T. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of bone loss in space travelers // NPJ Microgravity. 2020. V. 6. № 1. P. 13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tverdokhlib V.P., Tverdokhlib D.V., Mitinsky G.M. et al. [General adaptation mechanisms and prevention determine the health of a healthy person] // Hum. Sport. Med. 2006. № 3–1. P. 99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Твердохлиб В.П., Твердохлиб Д.В., Митинский Г.М. и др. Общие механизмы адаптации и профилактика определяют здоровье здорового человека // Человек. Спорт. Медицина. 2006. № 3–1. С. 99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naumov I.A., Kornilova L.N., Glukhikh D.O. et al. The effect of afferentation of various sensory systems on the otolith-ocular reflex in a real and simulated weightlessness // Human Physiology. 2021. V. 47. № 1. P. 70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наумов И.А., Корнилова Л.Н., Глухих Д.О. и др. Влияние афферентации различных сенсорных входов на отолито-окулярный рефлекс в условиях реальной и моделируемой невесомости // Физиология человека. 2021. T. 47. № 1. C. 84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Reschke M.F., Wood S.J., Clément G. Ocular counter rolling in astronauts after short-and long-duration spaceflight // Sci. Rep. 2018. V. 8. № 1. P. 7747.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Glukhikh D.O., Naumov I.A., Schoenmaekers C. et al. The role of different afferent systems in the modulation of the otolith-ocular reflex after long-term space flights // Front. Physiol. 2022. V. 13. P. 743855.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Noskov V.B. Adaptation of the water-electrolyte metabolism to space flight and at its imitation // Human Physiology. 2013. V. 39. P. 551.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Носков В.Б. Адаптация водно-электролитного метаболизма к условиям космического полета и при его имитации // Физиология человека. 2013. Т. 9. № 5. C. 119.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Olde Engberink R.H., van Oosten P.J., Weber T. et al. The kidney, volume homeostasis and osmoregulation in space: Current perspective and knowledge gaps // NPJ Microgravity. 2023. V. 9. № 1. P. 29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomina E.V., Senatorova N.A., Bakhtereva V.D. et al. The role of fast running in prevention of negative effects of prolonged exposure to weightlessness // Extreme Med. 2023. V. 25. № 4. P. 91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомина Е.В., Сенаторова Н.А., Бахтерева В.Д. и др. Роль быстрого бега в предотвращении негативных влияний пребывания человека в невесомости // Медицина экстремальных ситуаций. 2023. T. 25. № 4. C. 98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fomina E.V., Lysova N.Yu., Rezvanova S.K. et al. [Predictors of cosmonaut's readiness to work on the martian surface on the evidence from orbital missions onboard the International space station] // Aviakosm. Ekol. Med. 2019. V. 53. № 7. P. 19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фомина Е.В., Лысова Н.Ю., Резванова С.К. и др. Предикторы готовности космонавта к деятельности на поверхности Марса из опыта орбитальных полетов на МКС // Авиакосм. и экол. мед. 2019. T. 53. № 7. C. 19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Neves L.N.S., Gasparini V.H., Alves S.P. et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness level influences the ventilatory threshold identification // J. Phys. Educ. 2021. V. 32. P. e3279.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Beaver W.L., Wasserman K., Whipp B.J. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange // J. Appl. Physiol. 1986. V. 60. № 6. P. 2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Summers R.L., Martin D.S., Meck J.V., Coleman T.G. Mechanism of spaceflight-induced changes in left ventricular mass // Am. J. Cardiol. 2005. V. 95. № 9. P. 1128.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Hughson R.L., Robertson A.D., Arbeille P. et al. Increased postflight carotid artery stiffness and inflight insulin resistance resulting from six-months spaceflight in male and female astronauts // Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2016. V. 310. № 5. P. H628.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ghani F., Cheung I., Phillips A. et al. Lung volume, capacity and shape in microgravity: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Acta Astronaut. 2023. V. 212. P. 424.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Prisk G.K. Pulmonary challenges of prolonged journeys to space: Taking your lungs to the moon // Med. J. Aust. 2019. V. 211. № 6. P. 271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baranov V.M., Katuntsev V.P., Tarasenkov G.G. et al. [Studies of the activity of the central respiratory mechanism in long-term space missions] // Aviakosm. Ekol. Med. 2022. V. 56. № 3. P. 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов В.М., Катунцев В.П., Тарасенков Г.Г. и др. Изучение активности центрального дыхательного механизма в условиях длительного космического полета // Авиакосм. и экол. мед. 2022. Т. 56. № 3. С. 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kunz H., Quiriarte H., Simpson R.J. et al. Alterations in hematologic indices during long-duration spaceflight // BMC Hematol. 2017. V. 17. P. 12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serova A.V., Zhuravleva O.A., Rykova M.P. et al. [Morphofunctional status of cosmonauts' erythrocytes after missions to the International space station of varying duration] // Aviakosm. Ekol. Med. 2024. V. 58. № 4. P. 25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серова А.В., Журавлева О.А., Рыкова М.П. и др. Морфофункциональное состояние эритроцитов у космонавтов после полетов различной продолжительности на Международной космической станции // Авиакосм. и экол. мед. 2024. T. 58. № 4. C. 25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Scott J.M., Feiveson A.H., English K.L. et al. Effects of exercise countermeasures on multisystem function in long duration spaceflight astronauts // NPJ Microgravity. 2023. V. 9. № 1. P. 11.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Moore A.D., Lynn P.A., Feiveson A.H. The first 10 years of aerobic exercise responses to long-duration ISS flights // Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 2015. V. 86. № 12. P. A78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Moore Jr. A.D., Downs M.E., Lee S.M. et al. Peak exercise oxygen uptake during and following long-duration spaceflight // J. Appl. Physiol. 2014. V. 117. № 3. P. 231.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Hackney K.J., Scott J.M., Hanson A.M. et al. The astronaut-athlete: Optimizing human performance in space // J. Strength Cond. Res. 2015. V. 29. № 12. P. 3531.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>English K.L., Downs M., Goetchius E. et al. High intensity training during spaceflight: Results from the NASA Sprint Study // NPJ Microgravity. 2020. V. 6. № 1. P. 21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Greene K.A., Withers S.S., Lenchik L. et al. Trunk skeletal muscle changes on CT with long-duration spaceflight // Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2021. V. 49. P. 1257.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Blottner D., Moriggi M., Trautmann G. et al. Space omics and tissue response in astronaut skeletal muscle after short and long duration missions // Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023. V. 24. № 4. P. 4095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Burkhart K., Allaire B., Bouxsein M.L. Negative effects of long-duration spaceflight on paraspinal muscle morphology // Spine. 2019. V. 44. № 12. P. 879.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>McNamara K.P., Greene K.A., Moore A.M. et al. Lumbopelvic muscle changes following long-duration spaceflight // Front. Physiol. 2019. V. 10. P. 627.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Islamov R., Mishagina E., Tyapkina O. et al. Mechanisms of spinal motoneurons survival in rats under simulated hypogravity on earth // Acta Astronaut. 2011. V. 68. № 9–10. P. 1469.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Porseva V., Shilkin V., Strelkov A. et al. Changes in the neurochemical composition of motor neurons of the spinal cord in mice under conditions of space flight // Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2017. V. 162. P. 336.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Chelyshev Y.A., Muhamedshina Y., Povysheva T. et al. Characterization of spinal cord glial cells in a model of hindlimb unloading in mice // Neuroscience. 2014. V. 280. P. 328.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Tyapkina O., Volkov E., Nurullin L. et al. Resting membrane potential and Na+, K+-ATPase of rat fast and slow muscles during modeling of hypogravity // Physiol. Res. 2009. V. 58. № 4. P. 599.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
