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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Human Physiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Human Physiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Физиология человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0131-1646</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-6150</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">689896</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0131164625040044</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SQEBXA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">EEG-characteristics in rest and parameters of event related potentials when arythmetic problems solving in primary school children with different levels of mental arithmetic calculation skills</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ЭЭГ-характеристики состояния спокойного бодрствования и вызванных потенциалов при решении математических примеров у детей младшего школьного возраста с разным уровнем сформированности навыков устного счета</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagornova</surname><given-names>Zh. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагорнова</surname><given-names>Ж. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trifonov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трифонов</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panasevich</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панасевич</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhkov</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожков</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grokhotova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грохотова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavodova</surname><given-names>E. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заводова</surname><given-names>Е. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soroko</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сороко</surname><given-names>С И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shemyakina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шемякина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nagornova_zh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии имени И.М. Сеченова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-26"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-26"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/689896">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0131-1646/article/view/689896</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The EEG/ERP study involved 8–9 year old schoolchildren (24 participants). The participants performed arithmetic tasks in a delayed response verification paradigm: first a problem was presented, then an answer, to which they had to react by pressing a button if it was correct and skip if the answer was incorrect. Differences in the parameters of event related potentials (ERP) were revealed between the group of schoolchildren who made more than 50% of errors (8 people) – children with mental calculation difficulties – and the group of schoolchildren who made less than 20% of errors (13 people) – children with normal formed mental calculation skills. In the group of well-counting schoolchildren (in comparison with poorly counting), when presented with a correct answer, a smaller latency of the P2 component (on the time interval of 140–200 ms) in the central and frontal cortical areas and a larger amplitude of the positive component related to P3 (292–616 ms) with a maximum of differences in the central, parietal, and temporal areas of the right hemisphere were revealed. When an incorrect answer was presented – in the group of well-counting schoolchildren there was a large amplitude of positive components in the wide time interval 272–1232 ms – in the central and parietal cortical areas with a maximum in the right hemisphere. The revealed differences in ERP amplitudes affect both earlier perceptual components (in particular, P2) and later semantic components of ERP, reflecting different stages of information processing and decision making. According to the data of the resting state EEG analysis, the spectral power in θ-, α<sub>1</sub>- and β<sub>1</sub>-bands of the EEG, as well as the value of the integral parameter of spatial connectivity calculated from the structural function of the multichannel EEG, was higher in students with mental calculation difficulties than in students with formed mental calculation skills. Taking into account the age dynamics of the analyzed EEG parameters, these differences may characterize a slower maturation of the brain regulatory mechanisms in children with mental calculation difficulties.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В электроэнцефалографическом (ЭЭГ) исследовании приняли участие младшие школьники 8–9 лет (24 чел.). Участники выполняли арифметические задания в парадигме отложенного сличения ответа: сначала предъявлялся пример, потом – ответ, на который надо было отреагировать нажатием кнопки, если он был правильным или пропустить нажатие, если предъявленный ответ оказался неправильным. Были выявлены различия параметров вызванных потенциалов (ВП) между группой школьников, допустивших больше 50% ошибок (8 чел.) – с низким уровнем усвоения навыков устного счета – и группой школьников, допустивших меньше 20% ошибок (13 чел.) – с нормальным уровнем усвоения навыков устного счета. В группе хорошо считающих школьников (по сравнению с плохо считающими) при предъявлении правильного ответа выявлена меньшая латентность компонента <italic>P</italic>2<italic> </italic>(на временном интервале 140–200 мс) в центральных и лобных областях коры и бóльшая амплитуда позитивного компонента, соотносимого с <italic>P</italic>3 (292–616 мс) с максимумом различий в центральных, теменных и височных областях правого полушария. При предъявлении неправильного ответа – в группе хорошо считающих школьников наблюдалась бóльшая амплитуда положительных компонентов в широком временном интервале 272–1232 мс – в центральных и теменных зонах коры с максимумом в правом полушарии. Выявленные различия амплитуд ВП затрагивают как более ранние перцептивные компоненты (в частности, <italic>P</italic>2), так и поздние семантические компоненты ВП, отражающие разные стадии обработки информации и принятия решений. По данным анализа фоновой ЭЭГ у учащихся с проблемами устного счета, спектральная мощность в θ (4–8 Гц)-, α<sub>1</sub> (8–10 Гц)- и β<sub>1</sub> (13–18 Гц)-диапазонах ЭЭГ, а также величина интегрального параметра пространственной связности, рассчитываемого по структурной функции многоканальной ЭЭГ, была выше, чем у учащихся со сформированными навыками устного счета. С учетом возрастной динамики анализируемых ЭЭГ-показателей эти различия могут характеризовать более медленное созревание регуляторных механизмов мозга у детей с проблемами устного счета.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mental calculation skills</kwd><kwd>primary school children</kwd><kwd>spectral power</kwd><kwd>structural function</kwd><kwd>REST</kwd><kwd>EEG/ERP</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>устный счет</kwd><kwd>младшие школьники</kwd><kwd>спектральная мощность</kwd><kwd>структурная функция</kwd><kwd>спокойное бодрствование</kwd><kwd>ЭЭГ</kwd><kwd>ВП</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian Government</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-00263-25-00</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krutetsky V.A. 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