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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биоорганическая химия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0132-3423</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1998-2860</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">670600</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0132342323030120</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PDQSFB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of Peptide Biopharmaceuticals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эволюция биофармацевтики пептидных препаратов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>V. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>В. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vdeigin8@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deigin</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дейгин</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>vdeigin8@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН “Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова” РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-05-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-27"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, В.Т. Иванов, В.И. Дейгин</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, В.Т. Иванов, В.И. Дейгин</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">В.Т. Иванов, В.И. Дейгин</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">В.Т. Иванов, В.И. Дейгин</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0132-3423/article/view/670600">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0132-3423/article/view/670600</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45181323617776">Peptides are small molecule substances involved in numerous essential physiological functions such as human growth and development, stress, regulation of the emotional state, sexual behavior, and immune responses. Their mechanisms of action are based on receptor-ligand interaction, which leads to highly selective effects. These properties and low toxicity allow them to be considered potent drugs. The production of peptide preparations became possible at the beginning of the 20th century after a method for the selective synthesis of peptides was developed. However, after the successful synthesis of the first peptide drugs, many issues related to increasing stability, bioavailability, half-life, and the ability to move through cell membranes remained unresolved. The review considers the historical path of development of the synthesis and production of peptides, as well as modern approaches to the creation of peptide drugs and their use in biopharmaceutics, including the development of original peptide drugs in Russia.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45181323615488">Пептиды – низкомолекулярные вещества, участвующие в многочисленных физиологических процессах, таких как рост и развитие организма, стресс, регуляция эмоционального состояния, сексуального поведения и иммунных реакций. Большинство пептидов служат лигандами к белкам, взаимодействие с которыми приводит к высокоселективным эффектам. Такие свойства, так же как и низкая токсичность, позволяют считать пептиды потенциальными эффективными лекарствами. Получение пептидных препаратов стало возможным в начале XX века после разработки метода их селективного синтеза. Несмотря на успехи синтеза первых пептидных препаратов, осталось нерешенным множество вопросов, связанных с повышением стабильности, биодоступности, периода полувыведения и способности перемещаться через клеточные мембраны. В обзоре рассмотрен исторический путь развития синтеза и производства пептидов, а также обсуждаются современные подходы к созданию пептидных лекарственных средств и их применение в биофармацевтике, в том числе в разработке оригинальных пептидных препаратов в России.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd><italic>peptide synthesis</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>biological activity</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>cyclopeptides</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>peptidomimetics</italic></kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd><italic>синтез пептидов</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>биологическая активность</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>циклопептиды</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>пептидомиметики</italic></kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fischer E. // Untersuchungen über Aminosäuren / Polypeptide und Proteïne (1899–1906). 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