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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биоорганическая химия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0132-3423</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1998-2860</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">670611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0132342323030065</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PDLOLW</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Fluorescence Decay Analysis of the Model Compounds as an Approach to Photophysical Engineering of Fluorescent Proteins</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ времен жизни флуоресценции модельных соединений как подход к фотофизическоЙ инженерии флуоресцентных белков</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baleeva</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балеева</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranov</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранов</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН “Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова” РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-05-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>275</fpage><lpage>284</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-27"><day>27</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Н.С. Балеева, М.С. Баранов, А.М. Богданов</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Н.С. Балеева, М.С. Баранов, А.М. Богданов</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Н.С. Балеева, М.С. Баранов, А.М. Богданов</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Н.С. Балеева, М.С. Баранов, А.М. Богданов</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0132-3423/article/view/670611">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0132-3423/article/view/670611</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45181323649232">Studying of structure-function relationships between a chromophore and its protein environment plays a key role in photophysical engineering of fluorescent proteins (FPs), specifically, in the guided designing of their new variants with a higher fluorescence quantum yield (FQY). Known approaches to FQY increasing mostly rely on suppression of the excited state nonradiative processes, but no tools have been suggested for the tuning of the radiative rate constant (k<sub>r</sub>), which is also a potentially “adjustable” value. Here, we propose an experimental approach in which the synthetic chromophore of FP models the “fixation” of the most important radiationless constants and allows monitoring of the fluorescence lifetime flexibility (as an indicator of the k<sub>r</sub> value). As a proof-of-concept, we studied the time-resolved fluorescence behavior of the green and blue FP chromophore analogs in diverse chemical environments. The conformationally locked analog of the GFP chromophore in most cases showed monophasic fluorescence decay kinetics with a lifetime of 2.7–3.0 ns, thus adequately modeling the typical behavior of GFPs with the highest FQYs. Under the conditions of stimulated ionization of this chromophore, we observed increased (up to 4.3–4.6 ns) fluorescence lifetimes, which can be interpreted in terms of an increase in the radiative constant (k<sub>r</sub>). The conformationally locked analog of the Sirius chromophore showed biexponential fluorescence decay kinetics, partly simulating the properties of the blue FPs. In an acetic acid solution, this compound exhibited distinct fluorescent properties (elevated fluorescence intensity with a major lifetime population of ~4 ns), which can be interpreted as the emission of an unusual cationic form of the chromophore.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45181323646896">Изучение структурно-функциональных взаимосвязей между хромофором и его белковым окружением – ключевой аспект при фотофизической инженерии флуоресцентных белков (ФБ), в частности в направленном получении их новых вариантов с высоким квантовым выходом флуоресценции (КВФ). Описаны подходы к увеличению КВФ, основанные на подавлении безызлучательных процессов в возбужденном состоянии, однако не выработан инструментарий направленного изменения константы флуоресценции (k<sub>r</sub>), которая также выступает потенциально “настраиваемой” величиной. Мы предлагаем экспериментальный подход, в рамках которого синтетический хромофор ФБ моделирует “фиксацию” наиболее значимых безызлучательных констант и дает представление о пластичности времени жизни флуоресценции (как индикатора k<sub>r</sub>). Для подтверждения работоспособности данного подхода мы проанализировали времяразрешенное флуоресцентное поведение аналогов хромофора зеленого и синего ФБ в разнообразном химическом окружении. Конформационно-фиксированный аналог хромофора зеленого флуоресцентного белка (GFP) в большинстве случаев показывал монофазные кинетики затухания флуоресценции со временем жизни 2.7–3.0 нс, адекватно моделируя типичное поведение GFP с наиболее высокими КВФ. В условиях же принудительной ионизации этого хромофора мы наблюдали увеличенные (до 4.3–4.6 нс) времена жизни флуоресценции, которые могут быть интерпретированы в терминах увеличения константы флуоресценции (k<sub>r</sub>). Конформационно-фиксированный аналог хромофора Sirius показал биэкспоненциальные кинетики затухания флуоресценции, отчасти моделирующие свойства синих ФБ. В растворе уксусной кислоты это соединение проявило отличающиеся флуоресцентные свойства (интенсивную флуоресценцию с мажорной долгоживущей популяцией ~4 нс), которые можно интерпретировать как эмиссию необычной катионной формы хромофора.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd><italic>fluorescent protein</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>GFP</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Sirius</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>fluorescence lifetime</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>model chromophore</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>solvatochromism</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>radiative rate constant</italic></kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd><italic>флуоресцентный белок</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>GFP</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>Sirius</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>время жизни флуоресценции</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>модельный хромофор</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>сольватохромизм</italic></kwd><kwd><italic>константа флуоресценции</italic></kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chudakov D.M., Matz M.V., Lukyanov S., Lukyanov K.A. // Physiol. 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