<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Volcanology and Seismology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Volcanology and Seismology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вулканология и сейсмология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0203-0306</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5138</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">660037</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0203030624040038</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IYBDFF</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Variations in the slope of the earthquakes recurrence curve in the tonga subduction zone in 2005–2022</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вариации наклона графика повторяемости в зоне субдукции тонга в 2005–2022 годах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shakirova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шакирова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shaki@emsd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saltykov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салтыков</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shaki@emsd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kamchatka Branch of the Geophysical Survey of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Камчатский филиал ФИЦ ЕГС РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><issue>4</issue><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-21"><day>21</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0203-0306/article/view/660037">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0203-0306/article/view/660037</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Tonga‒Kermadec subduction zone is located between the Pacific and Australian plates and is the site of the highest rates of Pacific plate subduction and dominant extension. In 2006 and 2009 in this region, two strong earthquakes occurred with magnitudes <italic>M</italic><sub>w</sub> = 8.0 and 8.1. There are about 170 islands in the Tonga region. They are volcanic centers that have erupted regularly over the past few decades. The paper presents the results of determining temporal variations in the slope of the earthquakes recurrence curve (<italic>b</italic>-value) in the Tonga subduction zone for 2005–2022 and variations in <italic>b</italic> depending on depth. Temporal variations in the <italic>b</italic>-value reflect the general tendency for the most powerful earthquakes to occur against the background of a decrease in <italic>b</italic>-value only in the surface layer at depths of 0–100 km. By comparing the variation of <italic>b</italic>-value with depth with a tectonic model of the Tonga subduction zone, it suggested that lower <italic>b</italic>-value might reflect greater stress at the top of the subducted slab due to its bending. Elevated <italic>b</italic>-value can apparently be associated with stretching mechanisms. For the Tonga subduction zone, as for other subduction zones, the increased <italic>b</italic>-value identified at a depth of 90‒100 km, which may be due to the presence at this depth of a magmatic front, which is associated with active volcanism.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Зона субдукции Тонга–Кермадек расположена между Тихоокеанской и Австралийской плитами и является местом самых высоких скоростей погружения Тихоокеанской плиты и ее доминирующего растяжения. В 2006 и 2009 гг. в этом регионе произошло два сильнейших землетрясения с магнитудами <italic>M</italic><sub>w</sub> = 8.0 и 8.1. К зоне субдукции Тонга приурочено около 170 островов, представляющих собой вулканические центры, регулярно извергающиеся в течение последних нескольких десятилетий. В работе представлены результаты определения временных вариаций величины наклона графика повторяемости (значения <italic>b</italic>) в зоне субдукции Тонга за 2005–2022 гг. и вариаций <italic>b</italic> в зависимости от глубины. Временные вариации значения <italic>b</italic> отражают общую тенденцию возникновения наиболее сильных землетрясений на фоне понижения значений <italic>b</italic> только в поверхностном слое на глубинах 0–100 км. По сопоставлению вариаций значения <italic>b</italic> с глубиной с тектонической моделью зоны субдукции Тонга предполагается, что пониженные значения <italic>b</italic> могут отражать большее напряжение в верхней части погружающейся плиты из-за ее изгиба. Повышенные значения <italic>b</italic>, по-видимому, могут быть связаны с механизмами растяжения. Для зоны субдукции Тонга, как и для других зон субдукции, выявлена область повышенного значения<italic> </italic><italic>b</italic> на глубине 90–100 км, что может быть связано с присутствием на этой глубине магматического фронта, с которым связан активный вулканизм.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>earthquake</kwd><kwd>Tonga subduction zone</kwd><kwd>slope of the earthquakes recurrence curve</kwd><kwd>Gutenberg-Richter law</kwd><kwd>representativeness of the catalog</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>землетрясение</kwd><kwd>зона субдукции Тонга</kwd><kwd>наклон графика повторяемости землетрясений</kwd><kwd>закон Гутенберга-Рихтера</kwd><kwd>представительность каталога</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Васильев В.И. Дегидратация субдуцируемой коры как индикатор плавления (по результатам численного физико-химического моделирования) // Тезисы докладов XI Всероссийского петрографического совещания с международным участием “Магматизм и метаморфизм в истории земли”, 24–28 августа 2010 г. Екатеринбург: ИГиГ УрО РАН, 2010. Т. 1. С. 100–101.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Гусев А.А., Мельникова В.Н. Связи между магнитудами – среднемировые и для Камчатки // Вулканология и сейсмология. 1990. № 6. С. 55–63.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Завьялов А.Д. Наклоны графика повторяемости как предвестник сильных землетрясений на Камчатке // Прогноз землетрясений. Душанбе, М.: Дониш, 1984. Вып. 5. С. 1٧3–184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Коновалова А.А., Салтыков В.А. Различия в наклоне графика повторяемости независимых землетрясений и афтершоковых последовательностей // Вестник КРАУНЦ. Науки о Земле. 2008. № 1. Вып. 11. С. 74–81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Куллдорф Г. Введение в теорию оценивания. М.: Физматлит, 1966. 176 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Моги К. Предсказание землетрясений / Перевод с англ. М.: Мир, 1988. 382 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Павленко В.А., Завьялов А.Д. Сравнительный анализ методов оценки магнитуды представительной регистрации землетрясений // Тезисы докладов II Всероссийской конференции с международным участием “Современные методы оценки сейсмической опасности и прогноза землетрясений”. М.: ИТПЗ РАН, 2021. С. 82–83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Писаренко В.Ф. О законе повторяемости землетрясений // Дискретные свойства геофизической среды. М.: Наука, 1989. С. 47–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Потанина М.Г., Смирнов В.Б., Бернар П. Особенности развития сейсмической роевой активности в коринфском рифте в 2000–2005 гг. // Физика Земли. 2011. № 7. С. 54–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Ребецкий Ю.Л. Поле глобальных коровых напряжений Земли // Геотектоника. 2020. № 6. С. 3–24. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0016853X20060119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Салтыков В.А. О возможных проблемах оценки пространственно-временных особенностей представительности каталога землетрясений (на примере Камчатского каталога Единой Геофизической службы РАН) // Вестник КРАУНЦ. Науки о Земле. 2019. № 3. С. 66–74. https://doi.org/10.31431/1816-5524-2019-3-43-66-74</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Смирнов В.Б. Прогностические аномалии сейсмического режима. Методические основы подготовки исходных данных // Геофизические исследования. 2009. Т. 10. № 2. С. 7–22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Смирнов В.Б., Пономарев А.В. Физика переходных режимов сейсмичности / Под ред. В.Б. Смирнова, А.В. Пономарева. М.: РАН, 2020. 412 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Abers G.A., Keken P., Wilson C.R. Deep decoupling in subduction zones: Observations and temperature limits // Geosphere. 2020. V. 16. P. 1408–1424. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02278.1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Amelung F., King G. Earthquake scaling laws for creeping and non-creeping faults // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1997. V. 24. Iss. 5. P. 507–510. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00287</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Bevis M., Taylor F.W., Schutz B.E. et al. Geodetic observations of very rapid convergence and back-arc extension at the Tonga arc // Nature. 1995. V. 374. P. 249–251.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Bonnardot M.A., Régnier M., Ruellan E. et al. Seismicity and state of stress within the overriding plate of the Tonga‐Kermadec subduction zone // Tectonics. 2007. V. 26. № 5. P. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Bonnardot M.A., Régnier M., Christova C. et al. Seismological evidence for a slab detachment in the Tonga subduction zone // Tectonophysics. 2009. V. 464. № 1–4. P. 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Calderoni G., Rovelli A., Giovambattista R.D. Stress Drop, Apparent Stress, and Radiation Efficiency of Clustered Earthquakes in the Nucleation Volume of the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.1 L›Aquila Earthquake // J. of Geophys. Res. Solid Earth. 2019. V. 124. Iss. 10. P. 10360–10375. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017513</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>El-Isa Z.H. Continuous-cyclic variations in the b-value of the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution // Earthquake Science. 2013. V. 26. P. 301–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11589-013-0037-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>El-Isa Z.H., Eaton D.W. Spatiotemporal variations in the b-value of earthquake magnitude–frequency distributions: Classification and causes // Tectonophysics. 2014. V. 615–616. P. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.12.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Enescu B., Enescu D., Ito K. Values of b and p: their variations and relation to physical processes for earthquakes in Japan and Romania // Rom. Journal Phys. 2011. V. 56. № 3–4. P. 590–608.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Gerstenberger M., Wiemer S., Giardini D. A systematic test of the hypothesis that the b value varies with depth in California // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001. V. 28(1). P. 57–60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Gutenberg B., Richter C.F. Frequency of Earthquakes in California // Bull. Seismol. Soc. of Am. 1944. V. 34. P. 185–188.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Herrmann M., Piegari E., Marzocchi W. Revealing the spatiotemporal complexity of the magnitude distribution and b-value during an earthquake sequence // Nature Communications. 2022. V. 13. P. 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32755-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kulhanek O. Prague Centre of Mathematical Geophysics, Meteorology and their Applications // Seminar on b-value. Seminar paper. Prague, Czech: Department of Geophysics, Charles University, 2005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kulhanek O., Persson L., Nuannin P. Variations of b-values preceding large earthquakes in the shallow subduction zones of Cocos and Nazca plates // J. of South American Earth Sciences. 2018. V. 82. P. 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2018.01.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Kusky T.M. Déjà vu: Might Future Eruptions of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano be a Repeat of the Devastating Eruption of Santorini, Greece (1650 BC)? // J. of Earth Science. 2022. Pre-print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1624-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Legrand D., Tassara A., Morales D. Megathrust asperities and clusters of slab dehydration identified by spatiotemporal characterization of seismicity below the Andean margin // Geophysical Journal International. 2012. V. 191(3). P. 23–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05682.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y., Chen X. Variations in Apparent Stress and b Value Preceding the 2010 Mw 8.8 Bio-Bío, Chile Earthquake // Pure and Applied Geophysics. 2021. V. 178. P. 4797–4813.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y., Chen X., Chen L. Joint analysis of b-value and apparent stress before the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-Oki, Japan earthquake // Earthquake Science. 2021. V. 34. Iss. 4. P. 232–333. https://doi.org/10.29382/eqs-2021-0036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lin J., Sibueti J., Lee C. et al. Special variations in the frequency–magnitude distribution of earthquakes in the southwestern Okinawa trough // Earth Planet. Space. 2007. V. 59. P. 221–225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lin J.-Y., Sibuet J.-C., Hsu S.-K. Variations of b-values at the western edge of the Ryukyu Subduction Zone, north-east Taiwan // Terra Nova. 2008. V. 20. P. 150–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2008.00801.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Marzocchi W., Spassiani I., Stallone A., Taroni M. How to be fooled searching for significant variations of the b-value // Geophysical Journal International. 2020. V. 220(3). P. 1845–1856. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz541</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Mignan A., Woessner J. Estimating the magnitude of completeness for earthquake catalogs // Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis. 2012. https://doi.org/10.5078/corssa-00180805</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Millen D.W., Hamburger M.W. Seismological evidence for tearing of the Pacific plate at the northern termination of the Tonga subduction zone // Geology. 1998. V. 26(7). P. 659–662. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>MoralesYáñez C., Bustamante L., Benavente R. et al. Bvalue variations in the Central Chile seismic gap assessed by a Bayesian transdimensional approach // Scientific Reports. 2022. 12: 21٧10. P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25338-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Nassir S., Al-Humidan S., Lashin A. Duration magnitude calibration of Kuwait national seismic network // Scientific Research and Essays. 2012. V. 7(4). P. 453–459. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE11.1096</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Newhall C.G., Self S. The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism // J. of Geophys. Res.: Oceans. 1982. V. 87. № C2. P. 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1029/JC087iC02p01231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Nuannin P. The potential of b-value variations as Earthquake precursors for small and large events / PhD thesis, Uppsala University. 2006. P. 1–48.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Penisoni M., Suetsugu D., Hara T. Determination of focal mechanism of the Tonga Fiji earthquakes with a sparse regional seismic network // Synopsis of IISEE-GRIPS Master’s Thesis. 2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Popescu E., Grecu B., Popa M. et al. Seismic source properties: indications of lithosphere irregular structure on depth beneath Vrancea region // Rom. Rep. Phys. 2003. V. 55(3). P. 303–321.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Reasenberg P. Second-order moment of central California seismicity 1969–1982 // J. of Geophys. Res. 1985. V. 90. P. 3–18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Rodríguez-Pérez Q., Zuñiga F.R. Imaging b-value depth variations within the Cocos and Rivera plates at the Mexican subduction zone // Tectonophysics. 2018. V. 734–735. P. 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.03.019</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Schorlemmer D., Neri G., Wiemer S., Mostaccio A. Stability andsignificance tests forbvalue anomalies: Example from the Tyrrhenian Sea // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003. V. 30(16). P. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017335</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Scordilis E.M. Empirical global relations converting Ms and mb to moment magnitude // J. of Seismology. 2006. V. 10. P. 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-006-9012-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Stiphout V.T., Kissling E., Wiemer S., Ruppert N. Magmatic processes in the Alaska subduction zone by combined 3‐D b value imaging and targeted seismic tomography // J. of Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth. 2009. V. 114. № B11. P. 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005958</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Tormann T. B-values as Stress Meters in the Earth’s Crust // Doctoral dissertation, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule ETN. Nr. 19594. Zurich, 2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Wiemer S., Benoit J.P. Mapping the b‐value anomaly at 100 km depth in the Alaska and New Zealand subduction zones // Geophys. Res. Lett. 1996. V. 23. № 13. P. 1557–1560. https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL01233</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Wyss M., Shimazaki K., Wiemer S. Mapping active magma chambers by b values beneath the off–Ito volcano, Japan // J. of Geophys. Res. 1997. V. 102. P. 20413–20422.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Wyss M., Hasegawa A., Nakajima J. Source and path of magma for volcanoes in the subduction zone of northeastern Japan // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001a. V. 28(9). P. 1819–1822. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012558</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Wyss M., Wiemer S., Zuniga F.R. ZMAP a Tool for Analyses of Seismicity Patterns. Typical Applications and Uses: A Cookbook. 2001b. 64 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Wyss M., Stefansson R. Nucleation points of recent main shocks in southern Iceland, mapped by b-values // Bull. Seismol. Soc. of Am. 2006. V. 96(2). 599 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu A., Xu X., Hu P. et al. Variation of b value with hypocentral depth in Beijing area: Implications for earthquake nucleation // Chinese Science Bulletin. 2005. V. 50. P. 691–695.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
