<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Earth Research from Space</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Earth Research from Space</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование Земли из космоса</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0205-9614</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5405</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034540525030048</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ О ЗЕМЛЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Gross primary production estimation of the Leningrad region ecosystem using OCO-2 datasets</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка валовой первичной продукции экосистемы Ленинградской области по данным спутниковой аппаратуры ОСО-2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Foka</surname><given-names>S. C.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фока</surname><given-names>С. Ч.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>s.foka@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abakumov</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абакумов</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ionov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ионов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO3 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№3 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-06-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0205-9614/article/view/693430">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0205-9614/article/view/693430</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In order to implement measures to control climate-active gases and study the absorption potentialof greenhouse gases in Russia began the creation of carbon test sites, each of which is characterized by a representative ecosystem on the territory of our country. One of the goals of the Ladoga carbon test site, planned for creation in 2024–2025 on the territory of the Leningrad Region, is to study the processes of carbon dioxide absorption by the Northwest Russian ecosystem. For this reason, it is necessary to estimate gross primary production (GPP) and understand of the processes influencing on it. GPP for the Leningrad Region territory in 2014–2022 was determined using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) data measured by the OCO-2 satellite equipment. It was found that GPP has an annual cycle with maximum in June–July. Moreover, GPP trend for 2015–2021 was positive, 0.08 ± 0.02 gCm<sup>–2</sup>day<sup>–1</sup>year<sup>–1</sup>. The estimated values of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of the Ladoga carbon test site were 0.1–2.3 ktCO<sub>2</sub>year<sup>–1</sup>. The obtained results can be used for independent assessments of the absorption potential on the Russian territory.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В России для реализации мер контроля климатически активных газов и исследований потенциала поглощения парниковых газов было начато создание карбоновых полигонов, которые включают в себя репрезентативные экосистемы, характерные для территории нашей страны. Количественная оценка валовой первичной продукции GPP (gross primary production) и понимание процессов, влияющих на нее, необходимы для изучения процессов поглощения СО<sub>2</sub>экосистемой, характерной для Северо-Запада России, что является одной из целей карбонового полигона “Ладога”, планируемого к созданию в 2024‒2025 гг. на территории Ленинградской области. GPP для территории Ленинградской области в 2014‒2022 гг. была определена с использованием индуцированного солнечным светом флуоресцентного излучения хлорофилла, измеренного спутниковой аппаратурой ОСО-2. Было получено, что для GPP характерен годовой ход с максимальными значениями в июне–июле, что согласуется с результатами независимых исследований. За рассмотренный период скорость роста GPP была положительна и составила 0.08±0.02 гСм<sup>–2</sup>день<sup>–1</sup>год<sup>–1</sup>. Поглощательная способность карбонового полигона “Ладога”, полученная в настоящей работе, составила 0.1–2.3 ктСO<sub>2</sub>год<sup>–1</sup>. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы в качестве априорных оценок для наземных измерений на территории полигона “Ладога”, а также для независимых оценок потенциала поглощения СО<sub>2</sub>на территории России.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>southern taiga subzone</kwd><kwd>middle taiga subzone</kwd><kwd>solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence</kwd><kwd>gross primary production</kwd><kwd>seasonal cycle</kwd><kwd>trend</kwd><kwd>net ecosystem exchange</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>южная тайга</kwd><kwd>средняя тайга</kwd><kwd>индуцированное солнечным светом флуоресцентное излучение хлорофилла</kwd><kwd>валовая первичная продукция</kwd><kwd>тренд</kwd><kwd>поглощательная способность экосистем</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа была выполнена при поддержке СПбГУ, шифр проекта 123042000071-8 (ID проекта 132271892).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Дюкарев Е.А., Семенов С.П.Численное моделирование биогеохимических циклов углерода в болотных экосистемах // Известия АлтГУ. Математика и механика. 2022. № 4 (126). С. 104‒109.DOI: 10.14258/izvasu(2022)4-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Карбоновые полигоны Российской Федерацииhttps://carbon-polygons.ru/(дата обращения 12.11.2024)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Лагутин А.А., Мордвин Е.Ю., Волков Н.В.Оценки валовой первичной продукции для территории юга Западной Сибири в 2014‒2021 гг. по данным орбитальных карбоновых обсерваторий OCO-2 И OCO-3 // Материалы XXVIII Международного симпозиума “Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы”. [Электронный ресурс]. Томск: Изд-во ИОА СО РАН, 2022. С. B-328-B-331. DOI: 10.56820/OAOPA.2022.39.85.001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Annual report: Provisional State of the Global Climate 2023,https://wmo.int/files/provisional-state-of-global-climate-2023(дата обращения 26.02.2024)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bo Y., Li X., Liu K., Wang S., Zhang H., Gao X., Zhang X.Three decades of gross primary production (GPP) in China: variations, trends, attributions, and prediction inferred from multiple datasets and time series modeling // Remote Sens. 2022. V. 14. № 11:2564.DOI: 10.3390/rs14112564.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Chen A., Mao J., Ricciuto D., Lu D., Xiao J., Li X., Thornton P.E., Knapp A.K.Seasonal changes in GPP/SIF ratios and their climatic determinants across the Northern Hemisphere // Glob. Chang. Biol. 2021. V. 27. P. 5186–5197.DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15775.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Cho S., Kang M., Ichii K., Kim J., Lim J.H., Chun J.H., Park C.W., Kim H.S., Choi S.W., Lee S.H., Indrawati Y.M., Kim J.Evaluation of forest carbon uptake in South Korea using the national flux tower network, remote sensing, and data-driven technology // Agric. For Meteorol. 2021. V. 311. № 108653.DOI: 10.1016/ j.agrformet.2021.108653.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Cui Y., Xiao X., Zhang Y., Dong J., Qin Y., Doughty R.B., Zhang G., Wang J., Wu X., Qin Y., Zhou S., Joiner J., Moore B.Temporal consistency between gross primary production and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence in the ten most populous megacity areas over years // Sci. Rep. 2017. V. 7. № 14963.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13783-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Doughty R., Kurosu T.P., Parazoo N., Köhler P., Wang Y., Sun Y., Frankenberg C.Global GOSAT, OCO-2, and OCO-3 solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence datasets // Earth. Syst. Sci. Data. 2022. V. 14. P. 1513–1529.DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-1513-2022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Duveiller G., Filipponi F., Walther S., Köhler P., Frankenberg C., Guanter L., Cescatti A.A spatially downscaled sun-induced fluorescence global product for enhanced monitoring of vegetation productivity // Earth. Syst. Sci. Data. 2022. V. 12. P. 1101–1116.DOI: 10.5194/essd-12-1101-2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Foka S.C., Makarova M.V., Poberovsky A.V., Ionov D.V., Abakumov E.V.Analysis of mixing ratios of greenhouse carbon-containing gases at the atmospheric monitoring station of St. Petersburg State University // Atmos. Ocean. Opt. 2024. V. 37. P. 74–81.DOI: 10.1134/S1024856023700094.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Goulden M.L., Mcmillan A.M.S., Winston G.C., Rocha A.V., Manies K.L., Harden J.W., Bond-Lamberty B.P.Patterns of NPP, GPP, respiration, and NEP during boreal forest succession // Glob. Chang. Biol. 2011. V. 17. P. 855‒871.DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02274.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Guanter L., Bacour C., Schneider A., Aben I., van Kempen T.A., Maignan F., Retscher C., Köhler P., Frankenberg C., Joiner J., Zhang Y.The TROPOSIF global sun-induced fluorescence dataset from the Sentinel-5P TROPOMI mission // Earth. Syst. Sci. Data. 2021. V. 13. P. 5423–5440.DOI: 10.5194/essd-13-5423-2021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>He L., Byrne B., Yin Y., Liu J., Frankenberg C.Remote-sensing derived trends in gross primary production explain increases in the CO<sub>2</sub>seasonal cycle amplitude // Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2022. V. 36. № e2021GB007220. DOI: 10.1029/2021GB007220.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ji Y., Zeng S., Liu X., Xia J.Mutual inhibition effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub>and climate change on global forest GPP // Environ. Rese. 2024. V. 252. № 119145.DOI: 10.1016/ J.Envres.2024.119145.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Köehler P., Frankenberg C., Magney T.S., Guanter L., Joiner J., Landgraf J.Global retrievals of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence with TROPOMI: First results and intersensor comparison to OCO-2 // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2018. V. 45. P. 10456–10463.DOI: 10.1029/2018GL079031.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Launiainen S., Katul G.G., Leppä K., Kolari P., AslanT., Grönholm T., Korhonen L., Mammarella I., Vesala T.Does growing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> explain increasing carbon sink in a boreal coniferous forest? // Glob. Chang. Biol. 2022. V. 28. P. 2910–2929. DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Li X., Xiao J.TROPOMI observations allow for robust exploration of the relationship between solar- induced chlorophyll fluorescence and terrestrial gross primary production // Remote Sens. of Environ. 2022. V. 268. № 112748.DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2021.112748.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Liao Z., Zhou B., Zhu J., Jia H., Fei X.A critical review of methods, principles and progress for estimating the gross primary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems // Front. Environ. Sci. 2023. V. 11. № 1093095.DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1093095.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Lin S., Huang X., Zheng Y., Zhang X., Yuan W.An Open Data Approach for Estimating Vegetation Gross Primary Production at Fine Spatial Resolution // Remote Sensing. 2022.V. 14(11). № 2651. DOI: 10.3390/rs14112651.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Makarova M.V., Abakumov E.V., Shevchenko E.V., Paramonova N.N., Pakhomova N.V., Lvova N.A., Vetrova M.A., Foka S.C., Guzov Iu.N., Ivakhov V.M., Ionov D.V., Khoroshavin A.V., Kostsov V.S., Mikushev S.V., Mikhailov E.F., Pavlovsky A.A., Titov V.O.From carbon polygon to carbon farm: The potential and ways of developing the sequestration carbon industry in the Leningrad Region and St. Petersburg // Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences. 2023. V. 68(1). P. 82–102. DOI: 10.21638/spbu07.2023.105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mamkin V., Varlagin A., Yaseneva I., Kurbatova J.Response of spruce forest ecosystem CO<sub>2</sub>fluxes to inter-annual climate anomalies in the Southern Taiga // Forests. 2022. V. 13. № 1019. DOI: 10.3390/f13071019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>NOAA /ESRL [Electronic resource] Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>)https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/gl_trend.html(дата обращения 15.05.2024).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>OCO-2 Science Team/Michael Gunson, Annmarie Eldering. OCO-2 Level 2 bias-corrected solar-induced fluorescence and other select fields from the IMAP-DOAS algorithm aggregated as daily files, Retrospective processing V10r, Greenbelt, MD, USA, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC). 2020.https://doi.org/10.5067/XO2LBBNPO010 (дата обращения 21.12.2023)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Schacherl T.Evaluating Drought Impacts on Ecosystem Water Use Efficiency of Three Different Boreal Forest Sites // Master thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 2021. https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/17329/1/schacherl_t_211024.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Thoning K.W., Tans P.P., Komhyr W.D.Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory. 2. Analysis of the NOAA GMCC Data, 1974–1985 // J. Geophys. Res. 1989. V. 94. P. 8549–8565.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Wang M., Zhang L.Synchronous Changes of GPP and Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence in a Subtropical Evergreen Coniferous Forest // Plants. 2023.V. 12(11). № 2224.DOI: 10.3390/plants12112224.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Wild B., Teubner I., Moesinger L., Zotta R-M., Forkel M., van der Schalie R., Sitch S., Dorigo W.VODCA2GPP – a new, global, long-term (1988–2020) gross primary production dataset from microwave remote sensing // Earth Syst. Sci. Data. 2022. V. 14. P. 1063–1085.DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-1063-2022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. 19. The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2022. 2023. https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/68532(дата обращения 26.11.2023)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Xiao J., Zhuang Q., Law B.E., Baldocchi D.D., Chen J., Richardson A.D. et al.Assessing net ecosystem carbon exchange of U.S. terrestrial ecosystems by integrating eddy covariance flux measurements and satellite observations // Agric. For Meteorol. 2011. V. 151. P. 60‒69.DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.002.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
