Membrane and Cell BiologyMembrane and Cell BiologyБиологические мембраны0233-47553034-5219The Russian Academy of Sciences66742110.31857/S0233475524050063cbkzddОБЗОРЫReview ArticleMembrane-dependent reactions of blood coagulation: classical view and state-of-the-art conceptsМембранные реакции системы свертывания крови: классический взгляд и современные представленияKovalenkoT. A.КоваленкоТ. А.
Russian Federation
after-ten@yandex.ruPanteleevM. A.ПантелеевМ. А.
Russian Federation

Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Моcковcкий гоcудаpcтвенный унивеpcитет имени М.В. Ломоноcова, физичеcкий факультет

after-ten@yandex.ruCenter for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of SciencesЦентp теоpетичеcкиx пpоблем физико-xимичеcкой фаpмакологии PАНDmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Centеr of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and ImmunologyНациональный медицинcкий иccледовательcкий центp детcкой гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии имени Д. PогачеваLomonosov Moscow State UniversityМоcковcкий гоcудаpcтвенный унивеpcитет имени М.В. Ломоноcова04112024415-642744726022025Copyright ©; 2024, The Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024The Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0233-4755/article/view/667421

The complex mechanism called hemostasis evolved in living organisms to prevent blood loss when a blood vessel is damaged. In this process, two closely interconnected systems are distinguished: platelet-vascular and plasmatic hemostasis. Plasmatic hemostasis is a system of proteolytic reactions, in which blood plasma proteins called coagulation factors are involved. A key feature of this system is the localization of enzymatic reactions on the surface of phospholipid membranes, which increases their rate by up to 5 orders of magnitude. This review describes the basic mechanisms of coagulation factors binding to phospholipid membranes, pathways for complex assembly and activation reactions, and discusses the role of membranes in this process, their composition and sources. The binding of coagulation factors to procoagulant membranes leads not only to the acceleration of coagulation reactions, but also to their selective localization in restricted areas and protection from being washed away by the flow. The efficiency of coagulation reactions is regulated by the composition of the outer layer of the membrane, primarily through a special mechanism of mitochondria-dependent necrotic platelet death.

Для остановки кровопотери при повреждении кровеносного сосуда в живых организмах существует сложный механизм, называемый гемостазом. В этом процессе условно выделяют два тесно взаимосвязанных звена – сосудисто-тромбоцитарный и плазменный гемостаз. Плазменный гемостаз представляет собой систему протеолитических реакций, в которых участвуют белки плазмы крови, называемые факторами свертывания. Ключевой особенностью этой системы является протекание большинства ферментативных реакций на поверхности фосфолипидных мембран, что увеличивает их скорость до 5 порядков. В данном обзоре описываются основные механизмы связывания факторов свертывания с фосфолипидными мембранами, пути сборки комплексов и реакций активации, обсуждается роль мембран в этом процессе, их состав и источники. Связывание факторов свертывания с прокоагулянтными мембранами приводит не только к ускорению процессов свертывания, но также к их избирательному протеканию в определенных областях и защите от смывания потоком. Эффективность реакций свертывания регулируется составом внешнего слоя мембраны, преимущественно через специальный механизм митохондриально-управляемой некротической смерти тромбоцитов.

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