Sensory SystemsSensory SystemsСенсорные системы0235-00923034-5936The Russian Academy of Sciences67578710.31857/S0235009224010017ОБЗОРЫReview ArticleРroblems of diagnostics of dysfunctions of the olfactory analyzer of laboratory animals on the basis of behavioral and electrophysiological methods of researchПроблемы диагностики дисфункций обонятельного анализатора лабораторных животных на основе поведенческих и электрофизиологических методов исследованияGorskayaA. V.ГорскаяА. В.
Russian Federation
dvasilyev@bk.ruVasilevD. S.ВасильевД. С.
Russian Federation
dvasilyev@bk.ruSechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the RASИнститут эволюционной физиологии и биохимии имени И. М. Сеченова РАНru21052024202438132928022025Received:28022025Published:21052024Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0092/article/view/675787

Olfactory impairment (decreased acuity, impaired adequate identification of odorants) reduces the quality of life of patients and can be a symptom of a wide range of pathologies of the organism, in particular neurodegenerative processes in the brain. Quantitative measurement of olfactory acuity is necessary for diagnostics of olfactory dysfunctions, monitoring the dynamics of olfaction after pharmacological or surgical treatment. The searching for optimal methods of analyzing olfactory thresholds on animal models of human diseases accompanied by anosmia and comparing them with those in humans seems to be especially urgent problem at the moment. This is necessary for the selection of a valid animal model for the evaluation of new drugs and development the therapy for a wide range of pathologies.

The review analyzes publications devoted to the study of diseases accompanied by anosmia or hyposmia, their zootropic models, and methods of olfactory function assessment. Models for COVID19, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes types (1 and 2 type), Kalman syndrome, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, for which olfactory dysfunction and/or defects of olfactory system are present, were analyzed. The review notes the paucity of data on the measurement of olfactory thresholds in model animals.

Нарушение обоняния (снижение остроты, нарушение адекватной идентификации запахов) снижает качество жизни пациентов и может быть симптомом широкого спектра патологий организма, в частности нейродегенеративных процессов в отделах головного мозга. Количественное измерение остроты обоняния необходимо для диагностики обонятельных дисфункций, отслеживания динамики обоняния после лечения или хирургического вмешательства.

Особенно актуальной в настоящий момент видится проблема поиска оптимальных методов анализа обонятельных порогов на животных моделях заболеваний человека, сопровождающихся аносмией, и сопоставление их с таковыми. Это необходимо для подбора валидной животной модели с целью разработки новых лекарственных средств и методов терапии широкого спектра патологий.

В обзоре проведен анализ публикаций, посвященных исследованию заболеваний, сопровождающихся аносмией или гипосмией, их животным моделям, методам оценки обонятельной функции. Разобраны модели для коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19, болезней Альцгеймера, Паркинсона, диабета 1 и 2 типов, синдрома Кальмана и Синдрома Барде–Бидля, для которых отмечены нарушения обонятельной функции и/или дефекты отделов обонятельной системы.

В обзоре отмечается недостаточность данных об измерении обонятельных порогов у модельных животных.

anosmiaAlzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseasediabetesCOVID-19аносмияболезнь Альцгеймераболезнь ПаркинсонадиабетCOVID-19The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment (075-00967-23-00).Работа выполнена в рамках Госзадания (075-00967-23-00).Abrams K. L., Ward D. A., Sabiniewicz A., Hummel T. Olfaction evaluation in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2023. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37399129. https://doi.org/10.1111/vop.13121Гвазава И. Г., Каримова М. В., Васильев А. В., Воротеляк Е. А. Сахарный диабет 2 типа: особенности патогенеза и экспериментальные модели на грызунах. Acta Naturae (русскоязычная версия). 2022. Т. 14(3). С. 57—68. https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11751Andrea X. P., Joceline L. M. Jose O. F. Jose P. O. Human Nasal Epithelium Damage as the Probable Mechanism Involved in the Development of Post-COVID-19 Parosmia. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. 2023. V. 75(1). P. 458—464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070—023—03559-xДубровская Н. М., Васильев Д. С., Туманова Н. Л., Алексеева О. С., Наливаева Н. Н. Пренатальная гипоксия нарушает обонятельную функцию в постнатальном онтогенезе крыс. Журнал высшей нервной деятельности им. И. П. Павлова. 2021. Т. 71(3). С. 415—427. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044467721030035Aragao M. F. V.V., Leal M. C., Filho O. Q.C., Fonseca T. M., Aragao L. V., Leao M. R.V.C., Valenca M. A., Andrade P. H.P., Aragao J. P.V., Neto S. S.C., Valenca M. M. Comparative study-the impact and profile of COVID-19 patients who are indicated for neuroimaging: vascular phenomena are been found in the brain and olfactory bulbs. Medrxiv. 2021. P. 2020.12.28.20248957. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.28.20248957Иптышев А. М., Горина Я. В., Лопатина О. Л., Комлева Ю. К., Салмина А. Б. Экспериментальные модели болезни Альцгеймера: преимущества и недостатки. Сибирское медицинское обозрение. 2016. Т. 4. С. 5—21.Arbuckle E. P., Smith G. D., Gomez M. C., Lugo J. N. Testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2015. V. 99. P. e52615. https://doi.org/10.3791/52615Морозова С. В., Савватеева Д. М., Петрова Е. И. Обонятельные расстройства у пациентов с нейродегенеративными заболеваниями. Неврологический журнал. 2014. Т. 19(1). С. 4—8.Aydin S., Aksoy A., Aydin S., Kalayci M., Yilmaz M., Kuloglu T., Citil C., Catak Z. Today’s and yesterday’s of pathophysiology: biochemistry of metabolic syndrome and animal models. Nutrition. 2014. V. 30(1). P. 1—9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.013Кирой В. Н., Косенко П. О., Шапошников П. Д., Асланян Е. В., Саевский А. И. Изменение спектральных характеристик и уровня когерентности фокальной активности обонятельной луковицы крысы в динамике ксилазин-тилетаминзолазепамового наркоза. Сенсорные системы. 2023. Т. 37(1). C. 65—77. https://doi.org/ 10.31857/S0235009223010043Baum M. J. Contribution of pheromones processed by the main olfactory system to mate recognition in female mammals. Frontiers in neuroanatomy. 2012. V. 6. P. 20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2012.00020Носуля Е. В., Ким И. А., Борисенко Г. Н., Черных Н. М., Шпакова Е. А. Обонятельная дисфункция в практике оториноларинголога: анализ симптомов при различных патологических состояниях и у беременных. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2013. Т. 78(4). С. 72—77.Beshel J., Kopell N., Kay L. M. Olfactory bulb gamma oscillations are enhanced with task demands. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007. V. 27(31). P. 8358—8365. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1199—07.2007Пашкевич С. Г., Еременко Ю. Е., Миронова Г. П., Гладкова Ж. А., Андрианова Т. Д., Токальчик Д. П., Рябцева С. Н., Деревянко И. А., Стукач Ю. П., Кульчицкий В. А. Экспериментальная модель аспириновой триады. Оториноларингология. Восточная Европа. 2015. Т. 3(20). С. 58—62.Boesveldt S., Postma E. M., Boak D., Welge-Luessen A., Schöpf V., Mainland J. D., Martens J., Ngai J., Duffy V. B. Anosmia — a clinical review. Chemical senses. 2017. V. 42(7). P. 513—523. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjx025Тиганов А. С., Снежневский А. В., Орловская Д. Д. Руководство по психиатрии Т. 1. М.: Медицина, 1999. 712 с.Borghammer P., Just M. K., Horsager J., Skjærbæk C., Raunio A., Kok E. H., Savola S., Murayama S., Saito Y., Myllykangas L., Van Den Berge N. A postmortem study suggests a revision of the dual-hit hypothesis of Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. 2022. V. 8(1). P. 166. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531—022—00436—2Abrams K. L., Ward D. A., Sabiniewicz A., Hummel T. Olfaction evaluation in dogs with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome. Veterinary Ophthalmology. 2023. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37399129. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/vop.13121Braak H., Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiology of aging. 1997. V. 18(4). P. 351—357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197—4580(97)00056—0Andrea X. P., Joceline L. M. Jose O. F. Jose P. O. Human Nasal Epithelium Damage as the Probable Mechanism Involved in the Development of Post-COVID-19 Parosmia. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery. 2023. V. 75(1). P. 458—464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070—023—03559-xBraak H., Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta neuropathologica. 1991. V. 82(4). P. 239—259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308809Aragao M. F.V.V., Leal M. C., Filho O. Q.C., Fonseca T. M., Aragao L. V., Leao M. R.V.C., Valenca M. A., Andrade P. H.P., Aragao J. P.V., Neto S. S.C., Valenca M. M. Comparative study — the impact and profile of COVID-19 patients who are indicated for neuroimaging: vascular phenomena are been found in the brain and olfactory bulbs. Medrxiv. 2021. P. 2020.12.28.20248957. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.28.20248957Braak H., Braak E. The human entorhinal cortex: normal morphology and lamina-specific pathology in various diseases. Neuroscience research. 1992. V. 15(1—2). P. 6—31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168—0102(92)90014—4Arbuckle E. P., Smith G. D., Gomez M. C., Lugo J. N. Testing for odor discrimination and habituation in mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2015. No. 9. P. e52615. https://doi.org/ 10.3791/52615Braak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R. A., Jansen Steur E. N., Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiology of aging. 2003. V. 24(2). P. 197—211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197—4580(02)00065—9Aydin S., Aksoy A., Aydin S., Kalayci M., Yilmaz M., Kuloglu T., Citil C., Catak Z. Today’s and yesterday’s of pathophysiology: biochemistry of metabolic syndrome and animal models. Nutrition. 2014. V. 30(1). P. 1—9. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.013Bryche B., St Albin A., Murri S., Lacôte S., Pulido C., Ar Gouilh M., Lesellier S., Servat A., Wasniewski M., Picard-Meyer E., Monchatre-Leroy E., Volmer R., Rampin O., Le Goffic R., Marianneau P., Meunier N. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020. V. 89. P. 579—586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.032Baum M. J. Contribution of pheromones processed by the main olfactory system to mate recognition in female mammals. Frontiers in neuroanatomy. 2012. V. 6. P. 20. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fnana.2012.00020Butowt R., Bilinska K., von Bartheld C. S. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: New insights into the underlying mechanisms. Trends in Neurosciences. 2023. V. 46(1). P. 75—90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.003Beshel J., Kopell N., Kay L. M. Olfactory bulb gamma oscillations are enhanced with task demands. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007. V. 27(31). P. 8358—8365. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1199—07.2007Cave J. W., Fujiwara N., Weibman A. R., Baker H. Cytoarchitectural changes in the olfactory bulb of Parkinson’s disease patients. NPJ Parkinson’s disease. 2016. V. 2(1). P. 1—3. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjparkd.2016.11Boesveldt S., Postma E. M., Boak D., Welge-Luessen A., Schöpf V., Mainland J. D., Martens J., Ngai J., Duffy V. B. Anosmia — a clinical review. Chemical senses. 2017. V. 42(7). P. 513—523. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjx025Christen-Zaech S., Kraftsik R., Pillevuit O., Kiraly M., Martins R., Khalili K., Miklossy J. Early olfactory involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2003. V. 30(1). P. 20—25. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100002389Borghammer P., Just M. K., Horsager J., Skjærbæk C., Raunio A., Kok E. H., Savola S., Murayama S., Saito Y., Myllykangas L., Van Den Berge N. A postmortem study suggests a revision of the dual-hit hypothesis of Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. 2022. V. 8(1). P. 166. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531—022—00436—2Chu H., Chan J. F.W., Yuen K. Y. Animal models in SARS-CoV-2 research. Nature Methods. 2022. V. 19(4). P. 392—394. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592—022—01447-wBraak H., Del Tredici K., Rüb U., de Vos R. A., Jansen Steur E. N., Braak E. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiology of aging. 2003. V. 24(2). P. 197—211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197—4580(02)00065—9Cisneros-Larios B., Elias C. F. Sex differences in the coexpression of prokineticin receptor 2 and gonadal steroids receptors in mice. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2023. V. 16. P. 1057727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1057727Braak H., Braak E. Frequency of stages of Alzheimer-related lesions in different age categories. Neurobiology of aging. 1997. V. 18(4). P. 351—357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197—4580(97)00056—0Claire M., Christine, F.N., Terry L. J. Left hippocampal volume loss in Alzheimer’s disease is reflected in performance on odor identification: a structural MRI study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2003. V. 9(3). P. 459—471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617703930116Braak H., Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta neuropathologica. 1991. V. 82(4). P. 239—259. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00308809Cooper K. W., Brann D. H., Farruggia M. C., Bhutani S., Pellegrino R., Tsukahara T., Weinreb C., Joseph P. V., Larson E. D., Parma V., Albers M. W., Barlow L. A., Datta S. R., Di Pizio A. COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage. Neuron. 2020. V. 107(2). P. 219—233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.032Braak H., Braak E. The human entorhinal cortex: normal morphology and lamina-specific pathology in various diseases. Neuroscience research. 1992. V. 15(1—2). P. 6—31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168—0102(92)90014—4Coronas-Samano G., Ivanova A. V., Verhagen J. V. The habituation/cross-habituation test revisited: guidance from sniffing and video tracking. Neural plasticity. 2016. V. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9131284Bryche B., St Albin A., Murri S., Lacôte S., Pulido C., Ar Gouilh M., Lesellier S., Servat A., Wasniewski M., Picard-Meyer E., Monchatre-Leroy E., Volmer R., Rampin O., Le Goffic R., Marianneau P., Meunier N. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2020. V. 89. P. 579—586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.032David P., Malkova A. Anosmia in COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome. Autoimmunity, COVID-19, Post-COVID19 Syndrome and COVID-19 Vaccination. Academic Press. 2023. P. 487—494. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978—0—443—18566—3.00010—4Butowt R., Bilinska K., von Bartheld C. S. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19: New insights into the underlying mechanisms. Trends in Neurosciences. 2023. V. 46(1). P. 75—90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2022.11.003Davidson T. M., Murphy C., Jalowayski A. A. Smell impairment: can it be reversed? Postgraduate medicine. 1995. V. 98(1). P. 107—118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1995.11946020Cave J. W., Fujiwara N., Weibman A. R., Baker H. Cytoarchitectural changes in the olfactory bulb of Parkinson’s disease patients. NPJ Parkinson’s disease. 2016. V. 2(1). P. 1—3. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjparkd.2016.11Davis R. E., Swiderski R.E, Rahmouni K., Nishimura D. Y., Mullins R. F., Agassandian K., Philp A. R., Searby C. C., Andrews M. P., Thompson S., Berry C. J., Thedens D. R., Yang B., Weiss R. M., Cassell M. D., Stone E. M., Sheffield V. C. A knockin mouse model of the Bardet–Biedl syndrome 1 M390R mutation has cilia defects, ventriculomegaly, retinopathy, and obesity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007. V. 104(49). P. 19422—19427. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708571104Christen-Zaech S., Kraftsik R., Pillevuit O., Kiraly M., Martins R., Khalili K., Miklossy J. Early olfactory involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2003. V. 30(1). P. 20—25. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100002389Deer J., Koska J., Ozias M., Reaven P. Dietary models of insulin resistance. Metabolism. 2015. V. 64(2). P. 163—171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.013Chu H., Chan J. F.W., Yuen K. Y. Animal models in SARS-CoV-2 research. Nature Methods. 2022. V. 19(4). P. 392—394. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592—022—01447-wDel Tredici K., Rüb U., De Vos R. A., Bohl J. R., Braak H. Where does Parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain? Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2002. V. 61(5). P. 413—426. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/61.5.413Cisneros-Larios B., Elias C. F. Sex differences in the coexpression of prokineticin receptor 2 and gonadal steroids receptors in mice. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 2023. V. 16. P. 1057727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1057727Di Lullo A. M., Iacotucci P., Comegna M., Amato F., Dolce P., Castaldo G., Cantone E., Carnovale V., Iengo M. Cystic fibrosis: the sense of smell. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2020. V. 34(1). P. 35—42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1945892419870450Claire M., Christine, F. N., Terry L. J., Left hippocampal volume loss in Alzheimer’s disease is reflected in performance on odor identification: a structural MRI study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2003. V. 9(3). P. 459—471. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617703930116Di Schiavi E., Andrenacci D. Invertebrate models of Kallmann syndrome: molecular pathogenesis and new disease genes. Current genomics. 2013. V. 14(1). P. 2—10. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920213804999174Cooper K. W., Brann D. H., Farruggia M. C., Bhutani S., Pellegrino R., Tsukahara T., Weinreb C., Joseph P. V., Larson E. D., Parma V., Albers M. W., Barlow L. A., Datta S. R., Di Pizio A. COVID-19 and the chemical senses: supporting players take center stage. Neuron. 2020. V. 107 (2). P. 219—233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.032Doorduijn A. S., de van der Schueren M. A.E., van de Rest O., de Leeuw F. A., Fieldhouse J. L.P., Kester M. I., Teunissen C. E., Scheltens P., van der Flier W. M., Visser M., Boesveldt S. Olfactory and gustatory functioning and food preferences of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment compared to controls: the NUDAD project. Journal of Neurology. 2020. V. 267(1). P. 144—152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415—019—09561—0Coronas-Samano G., Ivanova A. V., Verhagen J. V. The habituation/cross-habituation test revisited: guidance from sniffing and video tracking. Neural plasticity. 2016. V. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9131284Dotan A., Muller S., Kanduc D., David P., Halpert G., Shoenfeld Y. The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity reviews. 2021. V. 20(4). P. 102792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102792David P., Malkova A. Anosmia in COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome Autoimmunity, COVID-19, Post-COVID19 Syndrome and COVID-19 Vaccination. Academic Press. 2023. P. 487—494. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978—0—443—18566—3.00010—4Doty R. L. Office procedures for quantitative assessment of olfactory function American journal of rhinology. 2007. V. 21(4). P. 460—473. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3043Davidson T. M., Murphy C., Jalowayski A. A. Smell impairment: can it be reversed? Postgraduate medicine. 1995. V. 98(1). P. 107—118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.1995.11946020Dubrovskaja N. M., Vasil’ev D.S., Tumanova N. L., Alekseeva O. S., Nalivaeva N. N. Prenatal’naya gipoksiya narushaet obonyatel’nuyu funkciyu v postnatal’nom ontogeneze krys [Prenatal hypoxia disturbs olfactory function in postnatal ontogenesis of rats]. Zhurnal vysshej nervnoj dejatel’nosti im. I. P. Pavlova [I. P. Pavlov Journal of Higher Nervous Activity]. 2021. V. 71(3). P. 415—427 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044467721030035Davis R. E., Swiderski R. E., Rahmouni K., Nishimura D. Y., Mullins R. F., Agassandian K., Philp A. R., Searby C. C., Andrews M. P., Thompson S., Berry C. J., Thedens D. R., Yang B., Weiss R. M., Cassell M. D., Stone E. M., Sheffield V. C. A knockin mouse model of the Bardet–Biedl syndrome 1 M390R mutation has cilia defects, ventriculomegaly, retinopathy, and obesity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007. V. 104(49). P. 19422—19427. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708571104Dutta D., Karthik K., Holla V. V., Kamble N., Yadav R., Pal P. K., Mahale R. R. Olfactory bulb volume, olfactory sulcus depth in Parkinson’s disease, atypical parkinsonism. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2023. V. 10(5). P. 794—801. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13733Deer J., Koska J., Ozias M., Reaven P. Dietary models of insulin resistance. Metabolism. 2015. V. 64(2). P. 163—171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.013Eichers E. R., Paylor R., Lewis R. A., Bi W., Lin X., Meehan T. P., Stockton D. W., Justice M. J., Lupski J. R. Phenotypic characterization of Bbs4 null mice reveals age-dependent penetrance and variable expressivity. Human genetics. 2006. V. 120. P. 211—226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439—006—0197-yDel Tredici K., Rüb U., De Vos R. A., Bohl J. R., Braak H. Where does Parkinson disease pathology begin in the brain? Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. 2002. V. 61(5). P. 413—426. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/61.5.413Ellrichmann G., Blusch A., Fatoba O., Brunner J., Reick C., Hayardeny L., Hayden M., Sehr D., Winklhofer K. F., Saft C., Gold R. Laquinimod treatment in the R6/2 mouse model. Scientific reports. 2017. V. 7(1). P. 4947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598—017—04990—1Di Lullo A. M., Iacotucci P., Comegna M., Amato F., Dolce P., Castaldo G., Cantone E., Carnovale V., Iengo M. Cystic fibrosis: the sense of smell. American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 2020. V. 34(1). P. 35—42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1945892419870450Falkowski B., Chudziński M., Jakubowska E., Duda-Sobczak A. Association of olfactory function with the intensity of self-reported physical activity in adults with type 1 diabetes. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2017. V. 127(7—8). P. 476—80. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.4073Di Schiavi E., Andrenacci D. Invertebrate models of kallmann syndrome: molecular pathogenesis and new disease genes. Current genomics. 2013. V. 14(1). P. 2—10. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920213804999174Fan C., Wu Y., Rui X., Yang Y., Ling C., Liu S., Liu S., Wang Y. Animal models for COVID-19: advances, gaps and perspectives. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2022. V. 7(1). P. 220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392—022—01087—8Doorduijn A. S., de van der Schueren M. A.E., van de Rest O., de Leeuw F. A., Fieldhouse J. L.P., Kester M. I., Teunissen C. E., Scheltens P., van der Flier W. M., Visser M., Boesveldt S. Olfactory and gustatory functioning and food preferences of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment compared to controls: the NUDAD project. Journal of Neurology. 2020. V. 267(1). P. 144—152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415—019—09561—0Fiani B., Quadri S. A., Cathel A., Farooqui M., Ramachandran A., Siddiqi I., Ghanchi H., Zafar A., Berman B. W., Siddiqi J. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a comprehensive review of diagnosis, management, and current treatment options. World neurosurgery. 2019. V. 126. P. 194—211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.014Dotan A., Muller S., Kanduc D., David P., Halpert G., Shoenfeld Y. The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity reviews. 2021. V. 20(4). P. 102792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102792Flores-Cuadrado A., Saiz-Sanchez D., Mohedano-Moriano A., Lamas-Cenjor E., Leon-Olmo V., Martinez-Marcos A., Ubeda-Bañon I. Astrogliosis and sexually dimorphic neurodegeneration and microgliosis in the olfactory bulb in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. 2021. V. 7(1). P. 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531—020—00154—7Doty R. L. Office procedures for quantitative assessment of olfactory function. American journal of rhinology. 2007. V. 21(4). P. 460—473. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.3043Franks K. H., Chuah M. I., King A. E., Vickers J. C. Connectivity of pathology: the olfactory system as a model for network-driven mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2015. V. 7. P. 234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00234Dutta D., Karthik K., Holla V. V., Kamble N., Yadav R., Pal P. K., Mahale R. R. Olfactory bulb volume, olfactory sulcus depth in Parkinson’s disease, atypical parkinsonism. Movement Disorders Clinical Practice. 2023. V. 10(5). P. 794—801. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13733Fujita M., Ho G., Takamatsu Y., Wada R., Ikeda K., Hashimoto M. Possible Role of Amyloidogenic Evolvability in Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Insights from Transgenic Mice Expressing P123H -Synuclein. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020. V. 21(8). P. 2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082849Eichers E. R., Paylor R., Lewis R. A., Bi W., Lin X., Meehan T. P., Stockton D. W., Justice M. J., Lupski J. R. Phenotypic characterization of Bbs4 null mice reveals age-dependent penetrance and variable expressivity. Human genetics. 2006. V. 120. P. 211—226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439—006—0197-yGascón C., Santaolalla F., Martínez A., Sánchez Del Rey A. Usefulness of the BAST-24 smell and taste test in the study of diabetic patients: a new approach to the determination of renal function. Acta oto-laryngologica. 2013. V. 133(4). P. 400—404. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.746471Ellrichmann G., Blusch A., Fatoba O., Brunner J., Reick C., Hayardeny L., Hayden M., Sehr D., Winklhofer K. F., Saft C., Gold R. Laquinimod treatment in the R6/2 mouse model. Scientific reports. 2017. V. 7(1). P. 4947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598—017—04990—1Gaudel F., Stephan D., Landel V., Sicard G., Féron F., Guiraudie-Capraz G. Expression of the Cerebral Olfactory Receptors Olfr110/111 and Olfr544 Is Altered During Aging and in Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018. V. 56. P. 2057—2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035—018—1196—4Falkowski B., Chudziński M., Jakubowska E., Duda-Sobczak A. Association of olfactory function with the intensity of self-reported physical activity in adults with type 1 diabetes. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2017. V. 127(7—8). P. 476—480. https://doi.org/10.20452/pamw.4073Gawenis L. R., Hodges C. A., McHugh D.R., Valerio D. M., Miron A., Cotton C. U., Liu J., Walker N. M., Strubberg A. M., Gillen A. E., Mutolo M. J., Kotzamanis G., Bosch J., Harris A., Drumm M. L., Clarke L. L. A BAC transgene expressing human CFTR under control of its regulatory elements rescues CFTR knockout mice. Scientific Reports. 2019. V. 9(1). P. 11828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598—019—48105—4Fan C., Wu Y., Rui X., Yang Y., Ling C., Liu S., Liu S., Wang Y. Animal models for COVID-19: advances, gaps and perspectives. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2022. V. 7(1). P. 220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392—022—01087—8Gheusi G. Behavioral Methods in Olfactory Research. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer, 2008. 4398 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978—3—540—29678—2_590Fiani B., Quadri S. A., Cathel A., Farooqui M., Ramachandran A., Siddiqi I., Ghanchi H., Zafar A., Berman B. W., Siddiqi J. Esthesioneuroblastoma: a comprehensive review of diagnosis, management, and current treatment options. World neurosurgery. 2019. V. 126. P. 194—211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.014Gouveri E., Katotomichelakis M., Gouveris H., Danielides V., Maltezos E., Papanas N. Olfactory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an additional manifestation of microvascular disease? Angiology. 2014. V. 65(10). P. 869—876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714520956Flores-Cuadrado A., Saiz-Sanchez D., Mohedano-Moriano A., Lamas-Cenjor E., Leon-Olmo V., Martinez-Marcos A., Ubeda-Bañon I. Astrogliosis and sexually dimorphic neurodegeneration and microgliosis in the olfactory bulb in Parkinson’s disease. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. 2021. V. 7(1). P. 11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531—020—00154—7Gruber A. D., Firsching T. C., Trimpert J., Dietert K. Hamster models of COVID-19 pneumonia reviewed: How human can they be? Veterinary Pathology. 2022. V. 59(4). P. 528—545. https://doi.org/10.1177/03009858211057197Franks K. H., Chuah M. I., King A. E., Vickers J. C. Connectivity of pathology: the olfactory system as a model for network-driven mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2015. V. 7. P. 234. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00234Guilbault C., Saeed Z., Downey G. P., Radzioch D. Cystic fibrosis mouse models. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 2007. V. 36(1). P. 1—7. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2006—0184TRFujita M., Ho G., Takamatsu Y., Wada R., Ikeda K., Hashimoto M. Possible Role of Amyloidogenic Evolvability in Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Insights from Transgenic Mice Expressing P123H -Synuclein. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020. V. 21(8). P. 2849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082849Gvazava I. G., Karimova M. V., Vasil’ev A.V., Voroteljak E. A. Saharnyj diabet 2 tipa: osobennosti patogeneza i jeksperimental’nye modeli na gryzunah [Type 2 diabetes mellitus: pthogenic features and experimental models in rodents]. Acta Naturae [Acta Naturae]. 2022. V. 14(3). P. 57—68 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.11751Gawenis L. R., Hodges C. A., McHugh D.R., Valerio D. M., Miron A., Cotton C. U., Liu J., Walker N. M., Strubberg A. M., Gillen A. E., Mutolo M. J., Kotzamanis G., Bosch J., Harris A., Drumm M. L., Clarke L. L. A BAC transgene expressing human CFTR under control of its regulatory elements rescues CFTR knockout mice. Scientific Reports. 2019. V. 9(1). P. 11828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598—019—48105—4Hardy J., Selkoe D. J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 2002. V. 297. P. 353—356. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072994Gascón C., Santaolalla F., Martínez A., Sánchez Del Rey A. Usefulness of the BAST-24 smell and taste test in the study of diabetic patients: a new approach to the determination of renal function. Acta oto-laryngologica. 2013. V. 133(4). P. 400—404. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2012.746471Howe de la Torre S., Parlatini V., Cortese S. Long-term central nervous system (CNS) consequences of COVID-19 in children. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2023. V. 23(8). P. 703—720. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2023.2239500Gaudel F., Stephan D., Landel V., Sicard G., Féron F., Guiraudie-Capraz G. Expression of the Cerebral Olfactory Receptors Olfr110/111 and Olfr544 Is Altered During Aging and in Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Mice. Mol Neurobiol. 2018. V. 56. P. 2057—2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035—018—1196—4Hubbard P. S., Esiri M. M., Reading M., McShane R., Nagy Z. Alpha‐synuclein pathology in the olfactory pathways of dementia patients. Journal of anatomy. 2007. V. 211(1). P. 117—124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469—7580.2007.00748.xGheusi G. Behavioral Methods in Olfactory Research. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer, 2008. 4398 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978—3—540—29678—2_590Hudson M. L., Kinnunen T., Cinar H. N., Chisholm A. D. C. elegans Kallmann syndrome protein KAL-1 interacts with syndecan and glypican to regulate neuronal cell migrations. Developmental biology. 2006. V. 294(2). P. 352—365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.02.036Gouveri E., Katotomichelakis M., Gouveris H., Danielides V., Maltezos E., Papanas N. Olfactory dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an additional manifestation of microvascular disease? Angiology. 2014. V. 65(10). P. 869—876. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714520956Huisman E., Uylings H. B.M., Hoogland P. V. A 100% increase of dopaminergic cells in the olfactory bulb may explain hyposmia in Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders. 2004. V. 19(6). P. 687—692. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10713Gruber A. D., Firsching T. C., Trimpert J., Dietert K. Hamster models of COVID-19 pneumonia reviewed: How human can they be? Veterinary Pathology. 2022. V. 59(4). P. 528—545. https://doi.org/10.1177/03009858211057197Huisman E., Uylings H. B.M., Hoogland P. V. Gender‐related changes in increase of dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb of Parkinson’s disease patients. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2008. V. 23(10). P. 1407—1413. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22009.Guilbault C., Saeed Z., Downey G. P., Radzioch D. Cystic fibrosis mouse models. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 2007. V. 36(1). P. 1—7. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2006—0184TRHummel T., Liu D. T., Müller C. A., Stuck B. A., Welge-Lüssen A., Hähner A. Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2023. V. 120(9). P. 146. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0411Hardy J., Selkoe D. J. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science. 2002. V. 297(5580). P. 353—356. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1072994Hüttenbrink K. B., Hummel T., Berg D., Gasser T., Hähner A. Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2013. V. 110(1—2). P. 1. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0001Howe de la Torre S., Parlatini V., Cortese S. Long-term central nervous system (CNS) consequences of COVID-19 in children. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2023. V. 23(8). P. 703—720. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2023.2239500Iptyshev A. M., Gorina Ja.V., Lopatina O. L., Komleva Ju.K., Salmina A. B. Jeksperimental’nye modeli bolezni Al’cgejmera: preimushhestva i nedostatki [Experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease: advantages and disadvantages]. Sibirskoe medicinskoe obozrenie [Siberian Medical Review]. 2016. V. 4(100). P. 5—21 (in Russian).Hubbard P. S., Esiri M. M., Reading M., McShane R., Nagy Z. Alpha‐synuclein pathology in the olfactory pathways of dementia patients. Journal of anatomy. 2007. V. 211(1). P. 117—124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469—7580.2007.00748.xIshimaru T., Miwa T., Nomura M., Iwato M., Furukawa M. Reversible hyposmia caused by intracranial tumour. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 1999. V. 113(8). P. 750—753. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100145104Hudson M. L., Kinnunen T., Cinar H. N., Chisholm A. D. C. elegans Kallmann syndrome protein KAL-1 interacts with syndecan and glypican to regulate neuronal cell migrations. Developmental biology. 2006. V. 294(2). P. 352—365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.02.036Jacobsen J. S., Wu C. C., Redwine J. M., Comery T. A., Arias R., Bowlby M., Martone R., Morrison J. H., Pangalos M. N., Reinhart P. H., Bloom F. E. Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006. V.103(13). P. 5161—6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0600948103.Huisman E., Uylings H. B.M., Hoogland P. V. A 100% increase of dopaminergic cells in the olfactory bulb may explain hyposmia in Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders. 2004. V. 19(6). P. 687—692. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10713Jamain S., Radyushkin K., Hammerschmidt K., Granon S., Boretius S., Varoqueaux F., Ramanantsoa N., Gallego J., Ronnenberg A., Winter D., Frahm J., Fischer J., Bourgeron T., Ehrenreich H., Brose N. Reduced social interaction and ultrasonic communication in a mouse model of monogenic heritable autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008. V. 105(5). P. 1710—1715. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711555105Huisman E., Uylings H. B.M., Hoogland P. V. Gender‐related changes in increase of dopaminergic neurons in the olfactory bulb of Parkinson’s disease patients. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2008. V. 23(10). P. 1407—1413. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22009.Jimenez, R.C., Casajuana-Martin, N., García-Recio, A. Alcántara L., Pardo L., Campillo M., Gonzalez F. The mutational landscape of human olfactory G protein-coupled receptors. BMC Biol. 2021. V. 19. P. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12915—021—00962—0Hummel T., Liu D. T., Müller C. A., Stuck B. A., Welge-Lüssen A., Hähner A. Olfactory Dysfunction: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2023. V. 120(9). P. 146. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0411Jiménez A., Organista-Juárez D., Torres-Castro A., Guzmán-Ruíz M.A, Estudillo E., Guevara-Guzmán R. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetic rats is associated with miR-146a overexpression and inflammation. Neurochemical Research. 2020. V. 45(8). P. 1781—1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064—020—03041-yHüttenbrink K. B., Hummel T., Berg D., Gasser T., Hähner A. Olfactory dysfunction: common in later life and early warning of neurodegenerative disease. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2013. V. 110(1—2). P. 1. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2013.0001Jing Y., Qi C. C., Yuan L., Liu X. W., Gao L. P., Yin J. Adult neural stem cell dysfunction in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle leads to diabetic olfactory defects. Neural Regeneration Research. 2017. V. 12(7). P. 1111—1118. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673—5374.211190Ishimaru T., Miwa T., Nomura M., Iwato M., Furukawa M. Reversible hyposmia caused by intracranial tumour. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 1999. V. 113(8). P. 750—753. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100145104King A. J.F. The use of animal models in diabetes research. British Journal of Pharmacology. 2012. V. 166(3). P. 877—894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476—5381.2012.01911.xJacobsen J. S., Wu C. C., Redwine J. M., Comery T. A., Arias R., Bowlby M., Martone R., Morrison J. H., Pangalos M. N., Reinhart P. H., Bloom F. E. Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2006. V. 103(13). P. 5161—5166. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600948103.Kiroj V. N., Kosenko P. O., SHaposhnikov P.D., Aslanyan E. V., Saevskij A. I. Izmenenie spektral’nyh harakteristik i urovnya kogerentnosti fokal’noj aktivnosti obonyatel’noj lukovicy krysy v dinamike ksilazin-tiletaminzolazepamovogo narkoza [Changes in the spectral characteristics and level of coherence of the focal activity of the rat olfactory bulb in the dynamics of xylazine-tiletaminzolazepam anesthesia] Sensornye Sistemy [Sensory systems]. 2023. V. 37(1). P. 65—77 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.31857/S0235009223010043Jing Y., Qi C. C., Yuan L., Liu X. W., Gao L. P., Yin J. Adult neural stem cell dysfunction in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle leads to diabetic olfactory defects. Neural Regeneration Research. 2017. V. 12(7). P. 1111—1118. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673—5374.211190Kohn D. F., Clifford C. B. Biology and diseases of rats. Laboratory animal medicine. 2002. P. 121—165. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978—012263951—7/50007—7Jamain S., Radyushkin K., Hammerschmidt K., Granon S., Boretius S., Varoqueaux F., Ramanantsoa N., Gallego J., Ronnenberg A., Winter D., Frahm J., Fischer J., Bourgeron T., Ehrenreich H., Brose N. Reduced social interaction and ultrasonic communication in a mouse model of monogenic heritable autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2008. V. 105(5). P. 1710—1715. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0711555105Konnova E. A., Swanberg M. Animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects. Brisbane. Exon Publications. 2018. P. 83—106. https://doi.org/10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch5Jimenez, R.C., Casajuana-Martin, N., García-Recio, A. Alcántara L., Pardo L., Campillo M., Gonzalez F. The mutational landscape of human olfactory G protein-coupled receptors. BMC Biol. 2021. V. 19. P. 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915—021—00962—0Kosenko P. O., Smolikov A. B., Voynov V. B., Shaposhnikov P. D., Saevskiy A. I., Kiroy V. N. Effect of Xylazine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam on the Local Field Potential of the Rat Olfactory Bulb. Comp Med. 2020. V. 70(6). P. 492—498.Jiménez A., Organista-Juárez D., Torres-Castro A., Guzmán-Ruíz M.A, Estudillo E., Guevara-Guzmán R. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetic rats is associated with miR-146a overexpression and inflammation. Neurochemical Research. 2020. V. 45(8). P. 1781—1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064—020—03041-yhttps://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-CM-20—990015.King A. J.F. The use of animal models in diabetes research. British journal of pharmacology. 2012. V. 166(3). P. 877—894. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476—5381.2012.01911.xKretschmer V., Patnaik S. R., Kretschmer F., Chawda M. M., Hernandez-Hernandez V., May-Simera H. L. Progressive characterization of visual phenotype in Bardet-Biedl syndrome mutant mice. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2019. V. 60(4). P. 1132—1143. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18—25210Kohn D. F., Clifford C. B. Biology and diseases of rats. Laboratory animal medicine. 2002. P. 121—165. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978—012263951—7/50007—7Kulaga H. M., Patnaik S. R., Kretschmer F., Chawda M. M., Hernandez-Hernandez V., May-Simera H. L. Loss of BBS proteins causes anosmia in humans and defects in olfactory cilia structure and function in the mouse. Nature genetics. 2004. V. 36(9). P. 994—998. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1418Konnova E. A., Swanberg M. Animal models of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Aspects. Brisbane. Exon Publications. 2018. P. 83—106. https://doi.org/10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch5Le Floch J. P., Le Lièvre G., Labroue M., Paul M., Peynegre R., Perlemuter L. et al. Smell dysfunction and related factors in diabetic patients. Diabetes care. 1993. V. 16.(6). P. 934—937. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.16.6.934Kosenko P. O., Smolikov A. B., Voynov V. B., Shaposhnikov P. D., Saevskiy A. I., Kiroy V. N. Effect of Xylazine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam on the Local Field Potential of the Rat Olfactory Bulb. Comp Med. 2020 V. 70(6). P. 492—498. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-CM-20—990015.Le Pichon C. E., Valley M.T, Polymenidou M., Chesler A. T., Sagdullaev B. T., Aguzzi A., Firestein S. Olfactory behavior and physiology are disrupted in prion protein knockout mice. Nature neuroscience. 2009. V. 12(1). P. 60—69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2238Kretschmer V., Patnaik S. R., Kretschmer F., Chawda M. M., Hernandez-Hernandez V., May-Simera H. L. Progressive characterization of visual phenotype in Bardet–Biedl syndrome mutant mice. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2019. V. 60(4). P. 1132—1143. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18—25210Lewis J., Dickson D. W., Lin W. L., Chisholm L., Corral A., Jones G., Yen S. H., Sahara N., Skipper L., Yager D., Eckman C., Hardy J., Hutton M., McGowan E. Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP. Science. 2001. V. 293. P. 1487—1491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058189Kulaga H. M., Patnaik S. R., Kretschmer F., Chawda M. M., Hernandez-Hernandez V., May-Simera H. L. Loss of BBS proteins causes anosmia in humans and defects in olfactory cilia structure and function in the mouse. Nature genetics. 2004. V. 36(9). P. 994—998. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1418Li F., Ponissery-Saidu S., Yee K. K., Wang H., Chen M. L., Iguchi N., Zhang G., Jiang P., Reisert J., Huang L. Heterotrimeric G protein subunit G13 is critical to olfaction. Journal of Neuroscience. 2013. V. 33(18). P. 7975—7984. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5563—12.2013Le Floch J. P., Le Lièvre G., Labroue M., Paul M., Peynegre R., Perlemuter L. et al. Smell dysfunction and related factors in diabetic patients. Diabetes care. 1993. V. 16(6). P. 934—937. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.16.6.934Li J., Gu C. Z., Su J. B., Zhu L. H., Zhou Y., Huang H. Y., Liu C. F. Changes in olfactory bulb volume in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016. V. 11. (2). P. e0149286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149286Le Pichon C. E., Valley M.T, Polymenidou M., Chesler A. T., Sagdullaev B. T., Aguzzi A., Firestein S. Olfactory behavior and physiology are disrupted in prion protein knockout mice. Nature neuroscience. 2009. V. 12(1). P. 60—69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2238Lietzau G., Davidsson W., Östenson C. G., Chiazza F., Nathanson D., Pintana H., Skogsberg J., Klein T., Nyström T., Darsalia V., Patrone C. Type 2 diabetes impairs odour detection, olfactory memory and olfactory neuroplasticity; effects partly reversed by the DPP-4 inhibitor Linagliptin. Acta neuropathologica communications. 2018. V. 6. P. 1—15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478—018—0517—1Lewis J., Dickson D. W., Lin W. L., Chisholm L., Corral A., Jones G., Yen S. H., Sahara N., Skipper L., Yager D., Eckman C., Hardy J., Hutton M., McGowan E. Enhanced neurofibrillary degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant tau and APP. Science. 2001. V. 293(5534). P. 1487—1491. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058189Luo A. H., Cannon E. H., Wekesa K. S., Lyman R. F., Vandenbergh J. G., Anholt R. R. Impaired olfactory behavior in mice deficient in the  subunit of Go. Brain research. 2002. V. 941(1—2). P. 62—71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006—8993(02)02566—0Li F., Ponissery-Saidu S., Yee K. K., Wang H., Chen M. L., Iguchi N., Zhang G., Jiang P., Reisert J., Huang L. Heterotrimeric G protein subunit Gγ13 is critical to olfaction. Journal of Neuroscience. 2013. V. 33(18). P. 7975—7984. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5563—12.2013Machado C. F., Reis-Silva T.M., Lyra C. S., Felicio L. F., Malnic B. Buried food-seeking test for the assessment of olfactory detection in mice. Bio-protocol. 2018. V. 8(12). P. e2897–e2897. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2897Li J., Gu C. Z., Su J. B., Zhu L. H., Zhou Y., Huang H. Y., Liu C. F. Changes in olfactory bulb volume in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016. V. 11(2). P. e0149286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149286Macknin J. B., Higuchi M., Lee V. M., Trojanowski J. Q., Doty R. L. Olfactory dysfunction occurs in transgenic mice overexpressing human  protein. Brain research. 2004. V. 1000(1—2). P. 174—178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.047Lietzau G., Davidsson W., Östenson C. G., Chiazza F., Nathanson D., Pintana H., Skogsberg J., Klein T., Nyström T., Darsalia V., Patrone C. Type 2 diabetes impairs odour detection, olfactory memory and olfactory neuroplasticity; effects partly reversed by the DPP-4 inhibitor Linagliptin. Acta neuropathologica communications. 2018. V. 6. P. 1—15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478—018—0517—1Mai Y., Klockow M., Haehner A., Hummel T. Self-assessment of olfactory function using the “Sniffin’Sticks”. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2023. V. 280(8). P. 1—13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405—023—07872—7Luo A. H., Cannon E. H., Wekesa K. S., Lyman R. F., Vandenbergh J. G., Anholt R. R. Impaired olfactory behavior in mice deficient in the  subunit of Go. Brain research. 2002. V. 941(1—2). P. 62—71. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006—8993(02)02566—0Manan H. A., Yahya N., Han P., Hummel T. A. A systematic review of olfactory-related brain structural changes in patients with congenital or acquired anosmia. Brain Structure and Function. 2022. V. 227(1). P. 1—26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429—021—02397—3Machado C. F., Reis-Silva T.M., Lyra C. S., Felicio L. F., Malnic B. Buried food-seeking test for the assessment of olfactory detection in mice. Bio-protocol. 2018. V. 8(12). P. e2897–e2897. https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2897Mariman E. C., Vink R. G., Roumans N. J., Bouwman F. G., Stumpel C. T., Aller E. E., van Baak M. A., Wang P. The cilium: a cellular antenna with an influence on obesity risk. British Journal of Nutrition. 2016. V. 116(4). P. 576—592. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516002282Macknin J. B., Higuchi M., Lee V. M., Trojanowski J. Q., Doty R. L. Olfactory dysfunction occurs in transgenic mice overexpressing human  protein. Brain research. 2004. V. 1000(1—2). P. 174—178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.01.047Martin C., Gervais R., Hugues E., Messaoudi B., Ravel N. Learning Modulation of Odor-Induced Oscillatory Responses in the Rat Olfactory Bulb: A Correlate of Odor Recognition. J. Neurosci. 2004. V. 24. P. 389—397. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3433—03.2004Mai Y., Klockow M., Haehner A., Hummel T. Self-assessment of olfactory function using the “Sniffin’Sticks”. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2023. V. 280(8). P. 1—13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405—023—07872—7Masurkar A. V., Devanand D. P. Olfactory dysfunction in the elderly: basic circuitry and alterations with normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Current geriatrics reports. 2014. V. 3. P. 91—100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670—014—0080-yManan H. A., Yahya N., Han P., Hummel T. A. A systematic review of olfactory-related brain structural changes in patients with congenital or acquired anosmia. Brain Structure and Function. 2022. V. 227(1). P. 1—26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429—021—02397—3Mathis S., Le Masson G., Soulages A., Duval F., Carla L., Vallat J. M., Solé G. Olfaction and anosmia: From ancient times to COVID-19. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2021. V. 425. P. 117433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117433Mariman E. C., Vink R. G., Roumans N. J., Bouwman F. G., Stumpel C. T., Aller E. E., van Baak M. A., Wang P. The cilium: a cellular antenna with an influence on obesity risk. British Journal of Nutrition. 2016. V. 116(4). P. 576—592. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516002282Mayer S. K., Thomas J., Helms M., Kothapalli A., Cherascu I., Salesevic A., Stalter E., Wang K., Datta P., Searby C., Seo S., Hsu Y., Bhattarai S., Sheffield V. C., Drack A. V. Progressive retinal degeneration of rods and cones in a Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 10 mouse model. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2022. V. 15(9). P. dmm049473. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.049473Martin C., Gervais R., Hugues E., Messaoudi B., Ravel N. Learning Modulation of Odor-Induced Oscillatory Responses in the Rat Olfactory Bulb: A Correlate of Odor Recognition? J. Neurosci. 2004. V. 24. P. 389—397. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3433—03.2004McCarron A., Parsons D., Donnelley M. Animal and cell culture models for cystic fibrosis: which model is right for your application? The American Journal of Pathology. 2021. V. 191(2). P. 228—242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.017Masurkar A. V., Devanand D. P. Olfactory dysfunction in the elderly: basic circuitry and alterations with normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Current geriatrics reports. 2014. V. 3. P. 91—100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670—014—0080-yMcHugh D.R., Steele M. S., Valerio D. M., Miron A., Mann R. J., LePage D.F., Conlon R. A., Cotton C. U., Drumm M. L., Hodges C. A. A G542X cystic fibrosis mouse model for examining nonsense mutation directed therapies. PLoS One. 2018. V. 13(6). P. e0199573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199573Mathis S., Le Masson G., Soulages A., Duval F., Carla L., Vallat J. M., Solé G. Olfaction and anosmia: From ancient times to COVID-19. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2021. V. 425. P. 117433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2021.117433McShane R.H., Nagy Z., Esiri M. M., King E., Joachim C., Sullivan N., Smith A. D. Anosmia in dementia is associated with Lewy bodies rather than Alzheimer’s pathology. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2001. V. 70(6). P. 739—743. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.6.739Mayer S. K., Thomas J., Helms M., Kothapalli A., Cherascu I., Salesevic A., Stalter E., Wang K., Datta P., Searby C., Seo S., Hsu Y., Bhattarai S., Sheffield V. C., Drack A. V. Progressive retinal degeneration of rods and cones in a Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 10 mouse model. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2022. V. 15(9). P. dmm049473. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.049473Melluso A., Secondulfo F., Capolongo G., Capasso G., Zacchia M. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Current Perspectives and Clinical Outlook. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2023. V. 19. P. 115—132. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S338653.McCarron A., Parsons D., Donnelley M. Animal and cell culture models for cystic fibrosis: which model is right for your application? The American Journal of Pathology. 2021. V. 191(2). P. 228—242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.017Meredith T. L., Caprio J., Kajiura S. M. Sensitivity and specificity of the olfactory epithelia of two elasmobranch species to bile salts. J. Exp. Biol. 2012. V. 215. P. 2660—2667. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.066241McHugh D.R., Steele M. S., Valerio D. M., Miron A., Mann R. J., LePage D.F., Conlon R. A., Cotton C. U., Drumm M. L., Hodges C. A. A G542X cystic fibrosis mouse model for examining nonsense mutation directed therapies. PLoS One. 2018. V. 13(6). P. e0199573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199573Mitrano D. A., Houle S. E., Pearce P., Quintanilla R. M., Lockhart B. K., Genovese B. C., Schendzielos R. A., Croushore E. E., Dymond E. M., Bogenpohl J. W., Grau H. J., Webb L. S. Olfactory dysfunction in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer’s disease. IBRO Neuroscience Reports. 2021. V. 10. P. 51—61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.12.004McShane R.H., Nagy Z., Esiri M. M., King E., Joachim C., Sullivan N., Smith A. D. Anosmia in dementia is associated with Lewy bodies rather than Alzheimer’s pathology. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2001. V. 70(6). P. 739—743. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.70.6.739Morozova S. V., Savvateeva D. M., Petrova E. I. Obonjatel’nye rasstrojstva u pacientov s nejrodegenerativnymi zabolevanijami [Olfactory disorders in patients with neurodegenerative diseases]. Nevrologicheskij zhurnal [Neurological journal]. 2014. V. 19(1). P. 4—8 (in Russian).Melluso A., Secondulfo F., Capolongo G., Capasso G., Zacchia M. Bardet–Biedl Syndrome: Current Perspectives and Clinical Outlook. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 2023. V. 19. P. 115—132. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S338653.Mundiñano I.C, Caballero M. C., Ordóñez C., Hernandez M., DiCaudo C., Marcilla I., Erro M. E., Tuñon M. T., Luquin M. R. Increased dopaminergic cells and protein aggregates in the olfactory bulb of patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Acta neuropathologica. 2011. V. 122. P. 61—74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401—011—0830—2Meredith T. L., Caprio J., Kajiura S. M. Sensitivity and specificity of the olfactory epithelia of two elasmobranch species to bile salts. J. Exp. Biol. 2012. V. 215. P. 2660—2667. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.066241Murcia-Belmonte V., Tercero-Díaz M., Barrasa-Martín D., López de la Vieja S., Muñoz-López M., Esteban P. F. Anosmin 1 N-terminal domains modulate prokineticin receptor 2 activation by prokineticin 2. Cellular Signalling. 2022. V. 98. P. 110417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110417Mitrano D. A., Houle S. E., Pearce P., Quintanilla R. M., Lockhart B. K., Genovese B. C., Schendzielos R. A., Croushore E. E., Dymond E. M., Bogenpohl J. W., Grau H. J., Webb L. S. Olfactory dysfunction in the 3xTg-AD model of Alzheimer’s disease. IBRO Neuroscience Reports. 2021. V. 10. P. 51—61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2020.12.004Murphy C. Olfactory and other sensory impairments in Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2019. V. 15(1). P. 11—24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582—018—0097—5Mundiñano I. C, Caballero M. C., Ordóñez C., Hernandez M., DiCaudo C., Marcilla I., Erro M. E., Tuñon M. T., Luquin M. R. Increased dopaminergic cells and protein aggregates in the olfactory bulb of patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Acta neuropathologica. 2011. V. 122. P. 61—74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401—011—0830—2Nakazawa A., Nakazawa H., Kaji S., Ishii S. Oscillatory Electric Potential on the Olfactory Epithelium Observed during the Breeding Migration Period in the Japanese Toad, Bufo japonicus. Zoological Sciences. 2000. V. 17. P. 293—300.Murcia-Belmonte V., Tercero-Díaz M., Barrasa-Martín D., López de la Vieja S., Muñoz-López M., Esteban P. F. Anosmin 1 N-terminal domains modulate prokineticin receptor 2 activation by prokineticin 2. Cellular Signalling. 2022. V. 98. P. 110417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110417https://doi.org/10.2108/jsz.17.293Murphy C. Olfactory and other sensory impairments in Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2019. V. 15(1). P. 11—24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582—018—0097—5Neff E. P. A natural macaque model of Bardet-Biedl appears in Oregon. Lab. Animal. 2020. V. 49(1). P. 17—17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684—019—0449—9Nakazawa A., Nakazawa H., Kaji S., Ishii S. Oscillatory Electric Potential on the Olfactory Epithelium Observed during the Breeding Migration Period in the Japanese Toad, Bufo japonicus. Zoological Sciences. 2000. V. 17. P. 293—300 https://doi.org/10.2108/jsz.17.293Neuner S. M., Heuer S. E., Huentelman M. J., O’Connell K.M.S., Kaczorowski C. C. Harnessing genetic complexity to enhance translatability of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models: a path toward precision medicine. Neuron. 2019. V. 101(3). P. 399—411. e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.040Neff E. P. A natural macaque model of Bardet-Biedl appears in Oregon. Lab Animal. 2020. V. 49(1). P. 17—17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684—019—0449—9Nigro P., Chiappiniello A., Simoni S., Paolini Paoletti F., Cappelletti G., Chiarini P., Filidei M., Eusebi P., Guercini G., Santangelo V., Tarducci R., Calabresi P., Parnetti L., Tambasco N. Changes of olfactory tract in Parkinson’s disease: a DTI tractography study. Neuroradiology. 2021. V. 63. P. 235—242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234—020—02551—4Neuner S. M., Heuer S. E., Huentelman M. J., O’Connell K.M.S., Kaczorowski C. C. Harnessing genetic complexity to enhance translatability of Alzheimer’s disease mouse models: a path toward precision medicine. Neuron. 2019. V. 101(3). P. 399—411. e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.040Nishimura D. Y., Fath M., Mullins R. F., Searby C., Andrews M., Davis R., Andorf J. L., Mykytyn K., Swiderski R. E., Yang B., Carmi R., Stone E. M., Sheffield V. C. Bbs2-null mice have neurosensory deficits, a defect in social dominance, and retinopathy associated with mislocalization of rhodopsin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004. V. 101(47). P. 16588—16593. https://doi.org/101 (47) 16588—16593Nigro P., Chiappiniello A., Simoni S., Paolini Paoletti F., Cappelletti G., Chiarini P., Filidei M., Eusebi P., Guercini G., Santangelo V., Tarducci R., Calabresi P., Parnetti L., Tambasco N. Changes of olfactory tract in Parkinson’s disease: a DTI tractography study. Neuroradiology. 2021. V. 63. P. 235—242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234—020—02551—4Nosulia E. V., Kim I. A., Borisenko G. N., Chernykh N. M., Shpakova E. A. Obonyatel’naya disfunkciya v praktike otorinolaringologa: analiz simptomov pri razlichnyh patologicheskih sostoyaniyah i u beremennyh [Olfactory dysfunction encountered in the practical work of the otorhinolaryngologist: the analysis of symptoms of different pathological conditions and in the pregnant women]. Vestnik Oto-Rino-Laringologii [Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology]. 2013. V. 78(4). P. 72—77 (in Russian).Nishimura D. Y., Fath M., Mullins R. F., Searby C., Andrews M., Davis R., Andorf J. L., Mykytyn K., Swiderski R. E., Yang B., Carmi R., Stone E. M., Sheffield V. C. Bbs2-null mice have neurosensory deficits, a defect in social dominance, and retinopathy associated with mislocalization of rhodopsin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004. V. 101(47). P. 16588—16593. https://doi.org/101(47)16588—16593Oakley H., Cole S. L., Logan S., Maus E., Shao P., Craft J., Guillozet-Bongaarts A., Ohno M., Disterhoft J., Van Eldik L., Berry R., Vassar R. Intraneuronal -amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations: potential factors in amyloid plaque formation. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006. V. 26(40). P. 10129—10140. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1202—06.2006Oddo S., Caccamo A., Shepherd J. D., Murphy M. P., Golde T. E., Kayed R., Metherate R., Mattson M. P., Akbari Y., LaFerla F. M. Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular A and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron. 2003. V. 39(3). P. 409—421. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896—6273(03)00434—3Olichney J. M., Murphy C., Hofstetter C. R., Foster K., Hansen L. A., Thal L. J., Katzman R. Anosmia is very common in the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2005. V. 76(10). P. 1342—1347. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2003.032003Pak T. K., Carter C. S., Zhang Q., Huang S. C., Searby C., Hsu Y., Taugher R. J., Vogel T., Cychosz C. C., Genova R., Moreira N. N., Stevens H., Wemmie J. A., Pieper A. A., Wang K., Sheffield V. C. A mouse model of Bardet-Biedl Syndrome has impaired fear memory, which is rescued by lithium treatment. PLoS genetics. 2021. V. 17(4). P. e1009484. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009484Pashkevich S. G., Eremenko Ju.E., Mironova G. P., Gladkova Zh.A., Andrianova T. D., Tokal’chik D.P., Rjabceva S. N., Derevjanko I. A., Stukach Ju.P., Kul’chickij V. A. Jeksperimental’naja model’ aspirinovoj triady [Experimental model of the Samter’s triad]. Otorinolaringologija. Vostochnaja Evropa [Otorhinolaryngology. Eastern Europe]. 2015. V. 3. P. 58—62 (in Russian).Patino J., Karagas N. E., Chandra S., Thakur N., Stimming E. F. Olfactory dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Journal of Huntington’s disease. 2021. V. 10(4). P. 413—422. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-210497Patino J., Karagas N. E., Chandra S., Thakur N., Stimming E. F. Olfactory dysfunction in Huntington’s disease. Journal of Huntington’s disease. 2021. V. 10(4). P. 413—422. https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-210497Patt Y. S., Fisher L., David P., Bergwerk M., Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmunity, COVID-19 Omicron Variant, and Olfactory Dysfunction: A Literature Review. Diagnostics. 2023. V. 13(4). P. 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040641Patt Y. S., Fisher L., David P., Bergwerk M., Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmunity, COVID-19 Omicron Variant, and Olfactory Dysfunction: A Literature Review. Diagnostics. 2023. V. 13(4). P. 641. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040641Pearce R. K.B., Hawkes C. H., Daniel S. E. The anterior olfactory nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1995. V. 10(3). P. 283—287. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100309Pearce R. K.B., Hawkes C. H., Daniel S. E. The anterior olfactory nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1995. V. 10(3). P. 283—287. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870100309Peterson S. M., McGill T.J., Puthussery T., Stoddard J., Renner L., Lewis A. D., Colgin L. M.A., Gayet J., Wang X., Prongay K., Cullin C., Dozier B. L., Ferguson B., Neuringer M. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome in rhesus macaques: A nonhuman primate model of retinitis pigmentosa. Experimental eye research. 2019. V. 189. P. 107825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2019.107825Peterson S. M., McGill T.J., Puthussery T., Stoddard J., Renner L., Lewis A. D., Colgin L. M.A., Gayet J., Wang X., Prongay K., Cullin C., Dozier B. L., Ferguson B., Neuringer M. Bardet-Biedl Syndrome in rhesus macaques: A nonhuman primate model of retinitis pigmentosa. Experimental eye research. 2019. V. 189. P. 107825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2019.107825Piiponniemi T. O., Parkkari T., Heikkinen T., Puoliväli J., Park L. C., Cachope R., Kopanitsa M. V. Impaired performance of the Q175 mouse model of Huntington’s disease in the touch screen paired associates learning task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018. V. 12. P. 226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00226Piiponniemi T. O., Parkkari T., Heikkinen T., Puoliväli J., Park L. C., Cachope R., Kopanitsa M. V. Impaired performance of the Q175 mouse model of Huntington’s disease in the touch screen paired associates learning task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018. V. 12. P. 226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00226Pouladi M. A., Morton A. J., Hayden M. R. Choosing an animal model for the study of Huntington’s disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013. V. 14(10). P. 708—721. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3570Pouladi M. A., Morton A. J., Hayden M. R. Choosing an animal model for the study of Huntington’s disease. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013. V. 14(10). P. 708—721. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3570Prediger R. D., Aguiar A. S. Jr, Rojas-Mayorquin A.E., Figueiredo C. P., Matheus F. C., Ginestet L., Chevarin C., Bel E. D., Mongeau R., Hamon M., Lanfumey L., Raisman-Vozari R. Single intranasal administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 mice models early preclinical phase of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicity research. 2010. V. 17. P. 114—129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640—009—9087—0Prediger R. D., Aguiar A. S. Jr, Rojas-Mayorquin A.E., Figueiredo C. P., Matheus F. C., Ginestet L., Chevarin C., Bel E. D., Mongeau R., Hamon M., Lanfumey L., Raisman-Vozari R. Single intranasal administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 mice models early preclinical phase of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicity research. 2010. V. 17. P. 114—129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640—009—9087—0Rasmussen V. F., Rasmussen D., Thrysøe M., Karlsson P., Madsen M., Kristensen K., Nyengaard J. R., Terkelsen A. J., Vestergaard E. T., Ovesen T. Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests. Pediatric Diabetes. 2023. V. 2023. P. 2709361. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2709361Rasmussen V. F., Rasmussen D., Thrysøe M., Karlsson P., Madsen M., Kristensen K., Nyengaard J. R., Terkelsen A. J., Vestergaard E. T., Ovesen T. Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests. Pediatric Diabetes. 2023. V. 2023. P. 2709361. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/2709361Rödig N., Sellmann K., Dos Santos Guilherme M., Nguyen V. T.T., Cleppien D., Stroh A., May-Simera H.L., Endres K. Behavioral Phenotyping of Bbs6 and Bbs8 Knockout Mice Reveals Major Alterations in Communication and Anxiety. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022. V. 23(23). P. 14506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314506Rödig N., Sellmann K., Dos Santos Guilherme M., Nguyen V. T.T., Cleppien D., Stroh A., May-Simera H.L., Endres K. Behavioral Phenotyping of Bbs6 and Bbs8 Knockout Mice Reveals Major Alterations in Communication and Anxiety. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022. V. 23. P. 14506. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314506Rodríguez-Jiménez J.C., Moreno-Paz F.J., Terán L. M., Guaní-Guerra E. Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease: current topics and trends. Respiratory medicine. 2018. V. 135. P. 62—75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.01.002Rodríguez-Jiménez J.C., Moreno-Paz F.J., Terán L. M., Guaní-Guerra E. Aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease: current topics and trends. Respiratory medicine. 2018. V. 135. P. 62—75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.01.002Rolen S. H., Caprio J. Bile salts are effective taste stimuli in channel catfish. J. Exp. Biol. 2008.V. 211. P. 2786—2791. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.018648Rolen, S.H., Caprio, J. Bile salts are effective taste stimuli in channel catfish. J. Exp. Biol. 2008. V. 211. P. 2786—2791. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.018648Rosen B. H., Chanson M., Gawenis L. R., Liu J., Sofoluwe A., Zoso A., Engelhardt J. F. Animal and model systems for studying cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 2018. Т. 17(2). P. S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2017.09.001Rosen B. H., Chanson M., Gawenis L. R., Liu J., Sofoluwe A., Zoso A., Engelhardt J. F. Animal and model systems for studying cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 2018. V. 17(2). P. S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2017.09.001Rugarli E. I., Di Schiavi E., Hilliard M. A., Arbucci S., Ghezzi C., Facciolli A., Coppola G., Ballabio A., Bazzicalupo P. The Kallmann syndrome gene homolog in C. elegans is involved in epidermal morphogenesis and neurite branching. Development and Deseases. 2002. V.129(5). P. 1283—1294. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.5.1283Rugarli E. I., Di Schiavi E., Hilliard M. A., Arbucci S., Ghezzi C., Facciolli A., Coppola G., Ballabio A., Bazzicalupo P. The Kallmann syndrome gene homolog in C. elegans is involved in epidermal morphogenesis and neurite branching. Development and Deseases 2002. V.129(5). P. 1283—1294. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.5.1283Schmachtenberg O. Histological and electrophysiological properties of crypt cells from the olfactory epithelium of the marine teleost Trachurus symmetricus. J Comp Neurol 2006. V. 495(1). P. 113—121. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20847Schmachtenberg O. Histological and electrophysiological properties of crypt cells from the olfactory epithelium of the marine teleost Trachurus symmetricus. J Comp Neurol 2006. V. 495(1). P. 113—121. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20847Shu M., Wu H., Wei S., Shi Y., Li Z., Cheng Y., Fang L., Xu C. Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Variant in the SEMA3A Gene in a Chinese Family with Kallmann Syndrome. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2022. V. 2022. P. 2504660. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2504660Shu M., Wu H., Wei S., Shi Y., Li Z., Cheng Y., Fang L., Xu C. Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Variant in the SEMA3A Gene in a Chinese Family with Kallmann Syndrome. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2022. V. 2022. P. 2504660. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2504660Slotnick B., Coppola D. M. Odor-cued taste avoidance: a simple and robust test of mouse olfaction. Chemical Senses. 2015. V. 40(4). P. 269—278. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjv005Slotnick B., Coppola D. M. Odor-cued taste avoidance: a simple and robust test of mouse olfaction. Chemical Senses. 2015. V. 40(4). P. 269—278. https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjv005Spielman D. B., Overdevest J., Gudis D. A. Olfactory outcomes in the management of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease related chronic rhinosinusitis. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2020. V. 6(4). P. 207—213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.07.001Spielman D. B., Overdevest J., Gudis D. A. Olfactory outcomes in the management of aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease related chronic rhinosinusitis. World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2020. V. 6(4). P. 207—213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.07.001Su C. Y., Menuz K., Carlson J. R. Olfactory perception: receptors, cells, and circuits. Cell. 2009. V. 139(1). P. 45—59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.015Su C. Y., Menuz K., Carlson J. R. Olfactory perception: receptors, cells, and circuits. Cell. 2009. V. 139(1). P. 45—59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.015Taguchi T., Ikuno M., Hondo M., Parajuli L. K., Taguchi K., Ueda J., Sawamura M., Okuda S., Nakanishi E., Hara J., Uemura N., Hatanaka Y., Ayaki T., Matsuzawa S., Tanaka M., El-Agnaf O.M.A., Koike M., Yanagisawa M., Uemura M. T., Yamakado H., Takahashi R. -Synuclein BAC transgenic mice exhibit RBD-like behaviour and hyposmia: a prodromal Parkinson’s disease model. Brain. 2020. V. 143(1). P. 249—265. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz380Taguchi T., Ikuno M., Hondo M., Parajuli L. K., Taguchi K., Ueda J., Sawamura M., Okuda S., Nakanishi E., Hara J., Uemura N., Hatanaka Y., Ayaki T., Matsuzawa S., Tanaka M., El-Agnaf O.M.A., Koike M., Yanagisawa M., Uemura M. T., Yamakado H., Takahashi R. -Synuclein BAC transgenic mice exhibit RBD-like behaviour and hyposmia: a prodromal Parkinson’s disease model. Brain. 2020. V. 143(1). P. 249—265. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz380Taniguchi M., Mitsui C., Hayashi H., Ono E., Kajiwara K., Mita H., Watai K., Kamide Y., Fukutomi Y., Sekiya K., Higashi N. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD): Current understanding of AERD. Allergology International. 2019. V. 68(3). P. 289—295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.05.001Taniguchi M., Mitsui C., Hayashi H., Ono E., Kajiwara K., Mita H., Watai K., Kamide Y., Fukutomi Y., Sekiya K., Higashi N. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD): Current understanding of AERD. Allergology International. 2019. V. 68(3). P. 289—295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2019.05.001Tarakad A., Jankovic J. Anosmia and ageusia in Parkinson’s disease. International review of neurobiology. 2017. V. 133. P. 541—556. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028Tarakad A., Jankovic J. Anosmia and ageusia in Parkinson’s disease. International review of neurobiology. 2017. V. 133. P. 541—556. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028Tchekmedyian R., Lundberg M., Buchheit K. M., Maurer R., Gakpo D., Mullur J., Bensko J. C., Laidlaw T. M. Loss of smell in patients with aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease impacts mental health and quality of life. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 2022. V. 52(12). P. 1414—1421. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14157Tchekmedyian R., Lundberg M., Buchheit K. M., Maurer R., Gakpo D., Mullur J., Bensko J. C., Laidlaw T. M. Loss of smell in patients with aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease impacts mental health and quality of life. Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 2022. V. 52(12). P. 1414—1421. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.14157Torres-Pasillas G., Chi-Castañeda D., Carrillo-Castilla P., Marín G., Hernández-Aguilar M.E., Aranda-Abreu G.E., Manzo J., García L. I. Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates. NeuroSci. 2023. V. 4(2). P. 134—151. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4020013Tiganov A. S., Snezhnevskij A. V., Orlovskaja D. D. i dr. Rukovodstvo po psihiatrii T. 1 [Guide to Psychiatry V. 1] Moscow. Medicina, 1999. 712 p. (in Russian).Tricas T. C., Kajiura S. M., Summers A. P. Response of the hammerhead shark olfactory epithelium to amino acid stimuli. J. Comp. Physiol. 2009. V 195. P. 947—954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359—009—0470—3Torres-Pasillas G., Chi-Castañeda D., Carrillo-Castilla P., Marín G., Hernández-Aguilar M.E., Aranda-Abreu G.E., Manzo J., García L. I. Olfactory Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease, Its Functional and Neuroanatomical Correlates. NeuroSci. 2023. V. 4(2). P. 134—151. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci4020013Van Raamsdonk J. M., Warby S. C., Hayden M. R. Selective degeneration in YAC mouse models of Huntington disease. Brain research bulletin. 2007. V. 72(2—3). P. 124—131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.10.018.Tricas, T.C., Kajiura, S.M., Summers, A. P. Response of the hammerhead shark olfactory epithelium to amino acid stimuli. J. Comp. Physiol. 2009. V 195. P. 947—954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359—009—0470—3Várkonyi T., Körei A., Putz Z., Kempler P. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetes: a further step in exploring central manifestations of neuropathy? Angiology. 2014. V. 65(10). P. 857—860. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714526971Van Raamsdonk J. M., Warby S. C., Hayden M. R. Selective degeneration in YAC mouse models of Huntington disease. Brain research bulletin. 2007. V. 72(2—3). P. 124—131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.10.018.Waguespack R. W. Congenital Anosmia. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 1992. V. 118(1). P. 10. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1992.01880010012002Várkonyi T., Körei A., Putz Z., Kempler P. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetes: a further step in exploring central manifestations of neuropathy? Angiology. 2014. V. 65(10). P. 857—860. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714526971Wakabayashi T., Hidaka R., Fujimaki S., Asashima M., Kuwabara T. Diabetes impairs Wnt3 protein-induced neurogenesis in olfactory bulbs via glutamate transporter 1 inhibition. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2016. V. 291(29). P. 15196—15211. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.672857Waguespack R. W. Congenital Anosmia. Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 1992. V. 118(1). P. 10. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1992.01880010012002Wangberg H., White A. A. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Current opinion in immunology. 2020. V. 66. P. 9—13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2020.02.006Wakabayashi T., Hidaka R., Fujimaki S., Asashima M., Kuwabara T. Diabetes impairs Wnt3 protein-induced neurogenesis in olfactory bulbs via glutamate transporter 1 inhibition. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2016. V. 291(29). P. 15196—15211. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.672857Weber E. M., Olsson I. A.S. Maternal behavior in Mus musculus sp.: an ethological review. Applied Animal Behavior Science. 2008. V. 114(1—2). P. 1—22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.06.006Wangberg H., White A. A. Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Current opinion in immunology. 2020. V. 66. P. 9—13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2020.02.006Weinstock R. S., Wright H. N., Smith D. U. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Physiology & behavior. 1993. V. 53(1). P. 17—21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031—9384(93)90005-zWeber E. M., Olsson I. A.S. Maternal behaviour in Mus musculus sp.: an ethological review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2008. V. 114(1—2). P. 1—22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2008.06.006Wilson R. S., Arnold S. E., Schneider J. A., Tang Y., Bennett D. A. The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer’s disease pathology and odour identification in old age. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2007. V. 78(1). P. 30—35. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.099721Weinstock R. S., Wright H. N., Smith D. U. Olfactory dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Physiology & behavior. 1993. V. 53(1). P. 17—21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031—9384(93)90005-zWitt R. M., Galligan M. M., Despinoy J. R., Segal R. Olfactory behavioral testing in the adult mouse. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2009. V. 23. P. e949. https://doi.org/10.3791/949.Wilson R. S., Arnold S. E., Schneider J. A., Tang Y., Bennett D. A. The relationship between cerebral Alzheimer’s disease pathology and odour identification in old age. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2007. V. 78(1). P. 30—35. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.099721Yahyaeipour H., Ganji F., Sepehri H., Nazari Z. The effect of type 2 diabetes on the olfactory bulb structure of Wistar rats. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2023. V. 10(1). P. 11—16.Witt R. M., Galligan M. M., Despinoy J. R., Segal R. Olfactory behavioral testing in the adult mouse. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments). 2009. V. 23. P. e949. https://doi.org/10.3791/949.Yang J., Pinto J. M. The epidemiology of olfactory disorders. Current otorhinolaryngology reports. 2016. V. 4(2). P. 130—141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136—016—0120—6Yahyaeipour H., Ganji F., Sepehri H., Nazari Z. The effect of type 2 diabetes on the olfactory bulb structure of Wistar rats. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2023. V. 10(1). P. 11—16.Yang M., Crawley J. N. Simple behavioral assessment of mouse olfaction. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2009. V. 48(1). P. 8.24.1—8.24.12.Yang J., Pinto J. M. The epidemiology of olfactory disorders. Current otorhinolaryngology reports. 2016. V. 4(2). P. 130—141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136—016—0120—6https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0824s48.Yang M., Crawley J. N. Simple behavioral assessment of mouse olfaction. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2009. V. 48(1). P. 8.24.1—8.24.12. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142301.ns0824s48.Yu Q., Cai Z., Li C., Xiong Y., Yang Y., He S., Tang H., Zhang B., Du S., Yan H., Chang C., Wang N. A novel Spectrum contrast mapping method for functional magnetic resonance imaging data analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2021. V. 15. P. 739668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.739668Yu Q., Cai Z., Li C., Xiong Y., Yang Y., He S., Tang H., Zhang B., Du S., Yan H., Chang C., Wang N. A novel Spectrum contrast mapping method for functional magnetic resonance imaging data analysis. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2021. V. 15. P. 739668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2021.739668Zaghloul H., Pallayova M., Al-Nuaimi O., Hovis K. R., Taheri S. Association between diabetes mellitus and olfactory dysfunction: current perspectives and future directions. Diabetic Medicine. 2018. V. 35(1). P. 41—52. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13542Zaghloul H., Pallayova M., Al-Nuaimi O., Hovis K. R., Taheri S. Association between diabetes mellitus and olfactory dysfunction: current perspectives and future directions. Diabetic Medicine. 2018. V. 35(1). P. 41—52. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13542Zapiec B., Dieriks B. V., Tan S., Faull R. L. M., Mombaerts P., Curtis M. A. A ventral glomerular deficit in Parkinson’s disease revealed by whole olfactory bulb reconstruction. Brain. 2017. V. 140(10). P. 2722—2736. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx208Zapiec B., Dieriks B. V., Tan S., Faull R. L. M., Mombaerts P., Curtis M. A. A ventral glomerular deficit in Parkinson’s disease revealed by whole olfactory bulb reconstruction. Brain. 2017. V. 140(10). P. 2722—2736. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx208Zhang C., Hara T. J. Lake char (Salvelinus namaycush) olfactory neurons are highly sensitive and specific to bile acids. J. Comp. Physiol. 2009. A 195. Р. 203—215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359—008—0399-yZhang, C., Hara, T. J. Lake char (Salvelinus namaycush) olfactory neurons are highly sensitive and specific to bile acids. J. Comp. Physiol. 2009. A 195. P. 203—215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359—008—0399-yZhao Y., He Y., He R., Zhou Y., Pan H., Zhou X., Zhu L., Zhou X., Liu Z., Xu Q., Sun Q., Tan J., Yan X., Tang B., Guo J. The discriminative power of different olfactory domains in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in neurology. 2020. V. 11. P. 420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00420Zhao Y., He Y., He R., Zhou Y., Pan H., Zhou X., Zhu L., Zhou X., Liu Z., Xu Q., Sun Q., Tan J., Yan X., Tang B., Guo J. The discriminative power of different olfactory domains in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in neurology. 2020. V. 11. P. 420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00420Zheng J., Wong L. R., Li K., Verma A. K., Ortiz M. E., Wohlford-Lenane C., Leidinger M. R., Knudson C. M., Meyerholz D. K., McCray P. B. Jr, Perlman S. COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice. Nature. 2021. V. 589(7843). P. 603—607. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586—020—2943-zZheng J., Wong L. R., Li K., Verma A. K., Ortiz M. E., Wohlford-Lenane C., Leidinger M. R., Knudson C. M., Meyerholz D. K., McCray P. B. Jr, Perlman S. COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice. Nature. 2021. V. 589. P. 603—607. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586—020—2943-zZiuzia-Januszewska L., Januszewski M. Pathogenesis of olfactory disorders in COVID-19. Brain Sciences. 2022. V. 12(4). P. 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040449.Ziuzia-Januszewska L., Januszewski M. Pathogenesis of olfactory disorders in COVID-19. Brain Sciences. 2022. V. 12(4). P. 449. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040449.Zou J., Wang W., Pan Y. W., Lu S., Xia Z. Methods to measure olfactory behavior in mice. Current protocols in toxicology. 2015. V. 63(1). P. 11.18. 1—11.18.21. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1118s63Zou J., Wang W., Pan Y. W., Lu S., Xia Z. Methods to measure olfactory behavior in mice. Current protocols in toxicology. 2015. V. 63(1). P. 11.18.1—11.18.21. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471140856.tx1118s63.Zou Y. M., Lu D., Liu L. P., Zhang H. H., Zhou Y. Y. Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2016. V.12. P. 869—875. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S104886.Zou Y. M., Lu D., Liu L. P., Zhang H. H., Zhou Y. Y. Olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2016. V. 12. P. 869—875. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S104886.