<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Sensory Systems</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sensory Systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сенсорные системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0235-0092</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5936</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">675789</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0235009224010032</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ЗРИТЕЛЬНАЯ СИСТЕМА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">In search of the molecular mechanisms of adaptation memory in rods: basic activity of phosphodiesterase</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>В поисках молекулярных механизмов адаптационной памяти палочек: базовая активность фосфодиэстеразы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikolaeva</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Николаева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lubkins@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Firsova</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фирсов</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lubkins@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Astakhova</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астахова</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lubkins@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И. М. Сеченова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>38</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-28"><day>28</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0092/article/view/675789">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0092/article/view/675789</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Retinal rods, the photoreceptors responsible for twilight vision, are capable of adapting to a wide range of light levels. The molecular mechanisms of light adaptation have been well studied, but an interesting question is what changes occur in the phototransduction cascade after the adaptive light stimuli are eliminated. Previously, we showed the phenomenon of adaptation memory in amphibian rods: after background illumination photoreceptor sensitivity to light remained reduced for several minutes, while the dark current recovered within 20—30 s. This suggests the existence of additional, as yet unknown, regulatory mechanisms of the phototransduction cascade that act after the adaptive effect of light. In search of specific mechanisms that could explain the effect of adaptation memory, we performed electrophysiological experiments on isolated frog rods to evaluate the basal activity of the effector enzyme of the phototransduction cascade, the phosphodiesterase type 6, in the dark and after saturating background illumination. It was found that the post-adaptation state of rods was characterized by increased basal phosphodiesterase activity, which gradually decreased to the dark level within tens of seconds after turning off the adaptive illumination. These results also suggest that the components of the phototransduction cascade may undergo some unstudied changes after light adaptation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Палочки сетчатки — фоторецепторы сумеречного зрения — способны адаптироваться к уровню освещения в широком диапазоне. Молекулярные механизмы световой адаптации во многом уже изучены, но не менее интересным представляется вопрос, какие изменения происходят в каскаде фототрансдукции после выключения адаптирующих световых стимулов. Ранее в палочках амфибий нами был показан феномен адаптационной памяти: после фоновой засветки чувствительность фоторецепторов к свету была пониженной в течение нескольких минут, тогда как темнотой ток восстанавливался за 20—30 с. Это указывает на существование дополнительных, пока еще неизвестных механизмов регуляции каскада фототрансдукции, действующих после адаптирующего влияния света. В поисках конкретных механизмов, способных объяснить эффект адаптационной памяти, мы провели эксперименты по регистрации тока одиночных палочек лягушки для оценки базовой активности эффекторного фермента каскада фототрансдукции — фосфодиэстеразы 6-го типа в темновом состоянии и после насыщающей фоновой засветки. Оказалось, что постадаптационное состояние палочек характеризуется повышенной базовой активностью фосфодиэстеразы, и она постепенно снижается до темнового значения в течение десятков секунд после выключения адаптирующего светового фона. Эти результаты также позволяют предположить, что компоненты каскада фототрансдукции в палочках могут претерпевать пока неизученные постадаптационные изменения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phototransduction cascade</kwd><kwd>rods</kwd><kwd>adaptation memory</kwd><kwd>phosphodiesterase</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>каскад фототрансдукции</kwd><kwd>палочки</kwd><kwd>адаптационная память</kwd><kwd>фосфодиэстераза 6</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 22-25-00591.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда, грант № 22-25-00591.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Astakhova L. A., Firsov M. L., Govardovskii V. I. Kinetics of turn-offs of frog rod phototransduction cascade. J. Gen. Physiol. 2008. V. 132(5). P. 587—604. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200810034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Astakhova L. A., Samoiliuk E. V., Govardovskii V. I., Firsov M. L. cAMP controls rod photoreceptor sensitivity via multiple targets in the phototransduction cascade. J. Gen. Physiol. 2012. V. 140(4). P. 421—433. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201210811</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Baylor D. A., Lamb T. D., Yau K. W. Responses of retinal rods to single photons. J. Physiol. 1979. V. 288. P. 613—634. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012716</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Calvert P. D., Govardovskii V. I., Arshavsky V. Y., Makino C. L. Two temporal phases of light adaptation in retinal rods. J. Gen. Physiol. 2002. V. 119(2). P. 129—146. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.119.2.129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Cornwall M. C., Fain G. L. Bleached pigment activates transduction in isolated rods of the salamander retina. J. Physiol. 1994. V. 480(2). P. 261—279. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020358</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Cornwall M. C., Matthews H. R., Crouch R. K., Fain G. L. Bleached pigment activates transduction in salamander cones. J. Gen. Physiol. 1995. V. 106(3). P. 543—557. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.106.3.543</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V. I. Firsov M. L. Unknown mechanisms regulating the GPCR signal cascade in vertebrate photoreceptors. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 2012. V. 42. P. 180—192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-011-9551-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hodgkin A. L., Nunn B. J. Control of light-sensitive current in salamander rods. J. Physiol. 1988. V. 403. P. 439—471. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017258</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Hodgkin A. L., McNaughton P.A., Nunn B. J. The ionic selectivity and calcium dependence of the light-sensitive pathway in toad rods. J. Physiol. 1985. V. 358. P. 447—468. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015561</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Lamb T. D. Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction. J. Physiol. 2022. V. 600(21). P. 4585—4601. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP282058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Nikolaeva D. A., Nekrasova M. A., Rotov A. Y., Astakhova L. A. Adaptation memory in photoreceptors: different mechanisms in rods and cones. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2023. V. 16. P. 1135088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2023.1135088</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Paglia M. J., Mou H., Cote R. H. Regulation of photoreceptor phosphodiesterase (PDE6) by phosphorylation of its inhibitory gamma subunit re-evaluated. J. Biol. Chem. 2002. V. 277. P. 5017—5023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M106328200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Pugh Jr., Edward N., Lamb T. D. Phototransduction in vertebrate rods and cones: molecular mechanisms of amplification, recovery and light adaptation. In: Handbook of biological physics. 2000. V. 3. 183—255. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383—8121(00)80008—1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Rotov A. Y., Astakhova L. A., Firsov M. L., Govardovskii V. I. Light adaptation of retinal rods, adaptation memory, and afterimages. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 2021. V. 51. P. 116—122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-020-01046-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Vinberg F., Chen J., Kefalov V. J. Regulation of calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2018.V. 67. P. 87—101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.06.001</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
