Sensory SystemsSensory SystemsСенсорные системы0235-00923034-5936The Russian Academy of Sciences67579310.31857/S0235009223040042HLWQBDОБЗОРЫТhe role of auditory feedback in voice control with normal and impaired hearingРоль слуховой обратной связи в контроле голоса при нормальном и сниженном слухеLunichkinA. M.ЛуничкинА. М.BolverkDC@mail.ruShtinK. S.ШтинК. С.BolverkDC@mail.ruI.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RASФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова Российской академии наук0110202337428530028022025Copyright ©; 2023, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2023, Российская академия наук2023Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0092/article/view/675793

Control of speech fulfilled by cooperation between feedforward control and feedback control. Feedforward control activates program of articulation, whereas feedback control carries acoustic and sensorimotor information about pronounced utterance. Their complementary speech control function described by the DIVA model, which based on adjustment of auditory and proprioceptive signals relatively to program of articulation in nerve centers. The inconsistency between the sensory information received via feedback and the presentation of the acoustic signal in the auditory nucleus causes corrective commands. Auditory feedback is necessary for the correct development of children’s articulatory skills, i.e. forming feedforward control. For this reason, prelingually deafened adults have significant articulation impairments due to immature articulatory skills. In postlingual deafness, the previously forming feedforward control allows pronounce phonemes successfully. However, in people with sensorineural hearing loss, control of phonation and articulation through the auditory feedback deteriorates, which expressed by an increase of voice intensity, changes in the speech spectral characteristics and instability in frequency and amplitude. Similar speech changes are found in speakers with normal hearing in the presence of noise that masks the speaker’s voice (Lombard effect). In noise, voice intensity increase, spectral characteristics of speech shift to the high-frequency region, and increase the amplitude and speed of articulatory movements (hyperarticulation). This speech reorganization is an adaptation of the speaker’s own voice to background noise, which purpose is to unmask the speech and restore auditory feedback control.

Контроль голоса и речи осуществляется совместной работой прямой и обратной связей. Прямая связь отвечает за активацию выученной артикуляторной программы, в то время как обратная связь предоставляет акустическую и сенсомоторную информацию о выполнении высказывания. Их совместная работа по контролю речи описывается моделью DIVA, в основе которой лежит осуществляемая нервными центрами регуляция слуховой информации и проприорецептивных сигналов относительно артикуляторных программ. Несоответствие сенсорной информации, поступающей по обратной связи с представлением акустического сигнала в слуховой коре, вызывает корректирующие команды. У овладевающих речью детей слуховая обратная связь необходима для правильного освоения артикуляционных навыков, т.е. для формирования прямой связи. По этой причине прелингвально оглохшие взрослые характеризуются значительными нарушениями артикуляции ввиду несформированности артикуляторных навыков. При постлингвальной глухоте сформированная ранее прямая связь сохраняется, что позволяет успешно произносить фонемы. Однако у людей с сенсоневральной тугоухостью ухудшается контроль фонации и артикуляции по механизму слуховой обратной связи, что выражается в увеличении громкости голоса, изменении спектральных характеристик речи и нестабильности голоса по частоте и амплитуде. Похожие речевые изменения обнаруживаются у здоровых дикторов в присутствии шума, маскирующего собственный голос говорящего (эффект Ломбарда). Речь в шуме характеризуется ростом интенсивности голоса, смещения спектральных характеристик в высокочастотную область и гиперартикуляцией. Такая речевая реорганизация представляет собой адаптацию голоса диктора к фоновому шуму, целью которой являются демаскировка голоса и восстановление слуховой обратной связи.

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