<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Sensory Systems</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Sensory Systems</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сенсорные системы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0235-0092</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5936</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">687720</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0235009225020021</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From rod to cone: functional transformations in the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>От палочки до колбочки: функциональные переходы в эволюции фоторецепторов позвоночных</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rotov</surname><given-names>А. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ротов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rotovau@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт эволюционной физиологии и биохимии им. И.М. Сеченова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">L.A. Orbeli Institute of Physiology, NAS RA</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии им. Л.А. Орбели НАН РА</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>39</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-17"><day>17</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-17"><day>17</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0092/article/view/687720">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0092/article/view/687720</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The vertebrate retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones, the receptors of nocturnal and diurnal vision, respectively. They have a number of morphological and biochemical differences that determine their functional role. The discovery of intermediate photoreceptor types in a number of vertebrates became the basis for the transmutation theory, which postulates that both rods and cones are capable of changing their functional roles and transforming into their opposite type during adaptation of the visual system to different habitat conditions. Changes in the photoreceptor physiology during functional transition can occur at different levels: morphological (general cell structure), molecular and biochemical (expression of specific protein isoforms of the photosensitive signaling cascade) and electrophysiological (sensitivity and kinetics of the light response). Photoreceptors with a confirmed transitional type are found in basal vertebrates and in groups that have underwent a shift in the habitat conditions towards extremely low or high light levels. In the last two decades, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the functional transformation from typical rods to cones, and vice versa, has advanced significantly. However, a number of aspects remain poorly understood, primarily because many animals possessing transformed receptors are far from the standard biological model objects. This review discusses the examples of transitional photoreceptors in various taxa, describing the history of their study and current research that sheds light on the molecular features underlying their non-standard physiology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Сетчатка позвоночных содержит два типа фоторецепторов: палочки и колбочки, являющиеся рецепторами ночного и дневного зрения соответственно. Они имеют ряд морфологических и биохимических различий, определяющих их функциональную роль. Обнаружение у ряда позвоночных рецепторов промежуточного типа стало основой для теории трансмутаций, постулирующей, что как палочки, так и колбочки в процессе адаптации зрительной системы к различным условиям обитания способны менять свои функциональные роли и превращаться в противоположный своему тип. Можно выделить несколько уровней проявления изменений в физиологии фоторецептора при функциональном переходе: морфологический (общее строение клетки), молекулярно-биохимический (экспрессия специфичных изоформ белков светочувствительного сигнального каскада) и электрофизиологический (чувствительность и кинетика ответа на свет). Фоторецепторы с подтвержденным переходным типом обнаруживаются у наиболее примитивных позвоночных, а также у групп, претерпевших смещение условий обитания в сторону крайне низкой или высокой освещенности. В последние два десятилетия значительно продвинулось понимание молекулярных механизмов функционального перехода от типичных палочек к колбочкам, и наоборот. Вместе с тем ряд аспектов остается малоизученным, в первую очередь из-за того, что многие животные, обладающие переходными рецепторами, далеки от стандартных модельных объектов современной биологии. В рамках данного обзора рассматриваются примеры переходных фоторецепторов в различных таксонах, описывается история их изучения и современные исследования, проливающие свет на молекулярные особенности, лежащие в основе их нестандартной физиологии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>photoreceptors</kwd><kwd>rods</kwd><kwd>cones</kwd><kwd>adaptation</kwd><kwd>phototransduction</kwd><kwd>transitional forms</kwd><kwd>transmutation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фоторецепторы</kwd><kwd>палочки</kwd><kwd>колбочки</kwd><kwd>адаптация</kwd><kwd>фототрансдукция</kwd><kwd>переходные формы</kwd><kwd>трансмутация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vinnikov YA. A., Ehvolyutsiya retseptorov [Evolution of receptors], Leningrad. Nauka, 1979. 140 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I. Fotoretseptory i zritel’nye pigmenty setchatki pozvonochnykh: sravnitel’nyi i ehvolyutsionnyi aspect [Photoreceptors and visual pigments of the vertebrate retina: a comparative and evolutionary perspective]. Rukovodstvo po fiziologii. Ehvolyutsionnaya fiziologiya [Handbook on Physiology. Evolutionary Physiology]. Leningrad. Nauka, 1983. V. 2. P. 229-261. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I. Ehlektricheskie i opticheskie svoistva fotoretseptorov pozvonochnykh. Diss. dokt. biol. nauk [Electrical and optical properties of vertebrate photoreceptors. Dr. biol. sci. diss.]. Leningrad. 1978. 424 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Astakhova L.A., Firsov M.L. Spetsifika fiziologicheskikh i biokhimicheskikh mekhanizmov vozbuzhdeniya i adaptatsii kolbochek setchatki [Specifics of physiological and biochemical mechanisms of excitation and adaptation in retinal cones]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 2015. V. 29(4). P. 296-308 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Lychakov D.V. Fotoretseptory i zritel’nye pigmenty chernomorskikh plastinozhabernykh [Photoreceptors and visual pigments of Black Sea elasmobranchs]. Zhurnal ehvolyutsionnoi biokhimii i fiziologii [Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology]. 1977. V. 13. P. 162. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Chkheidze N.I. Fotoretseptory i zritel’nye pigmenty setchatok nekotorykh zmei [Retinal photoreceptors and visual pigments of the retinas of certain snakes]. Izvestiya Akademii nauk GSSR. Seriya biologicheskaya [Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the GSSR. Biological Series]. 1989. V. 15(6). P. 408-414. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Chkheidze N.I., Zueva L.V. Morfofunktsional’noe issledovanie setchatki glaza krokodilovogo kaimana Caiman crocodilus [Morphofunctional investigation of the retina in the crocodilian caiman Caiman crocodilus]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 1987. V. 1(1). P. 24-33. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Golobokova E.Y., Kolesnikov A.V., Govardovskii V.I. Medlennye stadii fotoliza zritel’nogo pigmenta zelenykh palochek lyagushki Rana temporaria [Slow stages of photolysis of the visual pigment of green rods of frog Rana temporaria]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 2003. V. 17(2). P. 134-143. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kondrashev S.L., Gnyubkin V.F. Uchastie zelenykh palochek setchatki beskhvostykh amfibii v zritel’nom protsesse [Participation of retinal green rods of anuran amphibians in the visual process]. Mekhanizmy zreniya zhivotnykh [Mechanisms of animal vision]. Moscow. Nauka, 1978. P. 76–84. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Maurer E.Y., Govardovskii V.I. Regeneratsiya zritel’nykh pigmentov v izolirovannoi setchatke lyagushki Rana temporaria [Regeneration of visual pigments in the isolated retina of the frog Rana temporaria]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 2013. V. 27(2). P. 99-107. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Orlov O.Y. Ob ehvolyutsii tsvetovogo zreniya u pozvonochnykh [On the evolution of color vision in vertebrates]. Problemy ehvolyutsii [Problems of Evolution]. Novosibirsk. Nauka, 1972. V. 2. P. 69-94. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Firsov M.L., Govardovskii V.I. Svetovaya adaptatsiya fotoretseptorov: smysl i mekhanizmy [Light adaptation of photoreceptors: meaning and mechanisms]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 2001. V. 15(2). P. 101-113. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Firsov M.L., Govardovskii V.I. Temnovoi shum zritel’nykh pigmentov s raznymi maksimumami pogloshcheniya [Dark noise of visual pigments with different absorption maxima]. Sensornye sistemy [Sensory systems]. 1990. V. 4. P. 25–33. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Aguilar M., Stiles W.S. Saturation of the rod mechanism of the retina at high levels of stimulation. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics. 1954. V. 1(1). P. 59-65. DOI: 10.1080/713818657</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ali M.A., Anctil M. Retinas of fishes: an atlas. Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer, 2012. 286 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66435-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson S.R., Wiens J.J. Out of the dark: 350 million years of conservatism and evolution in diel activity patterns in vertebrates. Evolution. 2017. V. 71(8). P. 1944-1959. DOI: 10.1111/evo.13284</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Arden G. B., Tansley K. The electroretinogram of a diurnal gecko. The Journal of General Physiology. 1962. V. 45(6). P. 1145-1161. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.45.6.1145</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Arey L.B. Changes in the rod-visual cells of the frog due to the action of light. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1916. V. 26. P. 429–441. DOI: 10.1002/cne.900260406</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Armengol J.A., Prada F., Genis-Galvez J.M. Oil Droplets in the Chameleon (Chamaleo chamaleo) Retina. Cells Tissues Organs. 1981. V. 110(1). P. 35-39. DOI: 10.1159/000145410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Arshavsky V.Y., Burns M.E. Current understanding of signal amplification in phototransduction. Cellular logistics. 2014. V. 4(2). P. e28680. DOI: 10.4161/cl.29390</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Astakhova L.A., Firsov M.L., Govardovskii V.I. Kinetics of turn-offs of frog rod phototransduction cascade. The Journal of general physiology. 2008. V. 132(5). P. 587-604. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200810034</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Astakhova L., Firsov M., Govardovskii V. Activation and quenching of the phototransduction cascade in retinal cones as inferred from electrophysiology and mathematical modeling. Molecular vision. 2015. V. 21. P. 244.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Astakhova L.A., Novoselov A.D., Ermolaeva M.E., Firsov M.L., Rotov A.Yu. Phototransduction in anuran green rods: origins of extra-sensitivity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021. V. 22(24) P. 13400. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413400</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Asteriti S., Grillner S., Cangiano L.A. Cambrian origin for vertebrate rods. Elife. 2015. V. 4. P. e07166. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.07166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bäckström, A.C., Reuter T. Opponent colour interaction between two kinds of rod signals in the frog’s retina. Physica Norvegica. 1974. V. 7. P. 187–189.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Baden T. Ancestral photoreceptor diversity as the basis of visual behavior. Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution. 2024. V. 8(3). P. 374-386. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02291-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Baden T., Osorio D. The retinal basis of vertebrate color vision. Annual review of vision science. 2019. V. 5(1). P. 177-200. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-091718-014926</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Barlow H.B. Purkinje shift and retinal noise. Nature. 1957. V. 179. P. 255–256. DOI: 10.1038/179255b0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Barlow H.B. The physical limits of visual discrimination. Photophysiology. 1964. V. 2. P. 163-202. DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4832-2739-9.50011-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Baylor D.A., Lamb T.D., Yau K.W. Responses of retinal rods to single photons. The Journal of physiology. 1979. V. 288(1). P. 613-634. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012716</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Baylor D.A., Matthews G., Yau K.W. Two components of electrical dark noise in toad retinal rod outer segments. The Journal of physiology. 1980. V. 309(1). P. 591-621. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013529</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Bennis M., Molday R.S., Versaux-Botteri C., Repérant J., Jeanny J.C., McDevitt D.S. Rhodopsin-like immunoreactivity in the ‘all cone’retina of the chameleon (Chameleo chameleo). Experimental eye research. 2005. V. 80(5). P. 623-627. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.11.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Bhattacharyya N., Darren B., Schott R.K., Tropepe V., Chang B.S. Cone-like rhodopsin expressed in the all-cone retina of the colubrid pine snake as a potential adaptation to diurnality. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2017. V. 220(13). P. 2418-2425. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.156430</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Biagioni L. M., Hunt D.M., Collin S.P. Morphological characterization and topographic analysis of multiple photoreceptor types in the retinae of mesopelagic hatchetfishes with tubular eyes. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2016. V. 4. P. 25. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Bittencourt G.B., Hauzman E., Bonci D.M.O., Ventura D.F. Photoreceptors morphology and genetics of the visual pigments of Bothrops jararaca and Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes, Viperidae). Vision Research. 2019. V. 158. P. 72-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.02.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Boll F. Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie. 1877. P. 4-36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Bowmaker J.K. Evolution of vertebrate visual pigments. Vision research. 2008. V. 48(20). P. 2022-2041.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Bozzanao A., Murgia R., Vallerga S., Hirano J., Archer S. The photoreceptor system in the retinae of two dogfishes, Scyliorhinus canicula and Galeus melastomus: possible relationship with depth distribution and predatory lifestyle. Journal of Fish Biology. 2001. V. 59(5). P. 1258-1278. DOI: 10.1006/jfbi.2001.1737</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Bradshaw S.N., Allison W.T. Hagfish to illuminate the developmental and evolutionary origins of the vertebrate retina. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2022. V. 10. P. 822358. DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822358</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Brazeau M. D., Friedman M. The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates. Nature. 2015. V. 520(7548). P. 490-497. DOI: 10.1038/nature14438</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Brin K.P., Ripps H. Rhodopsin photoproducts and rod sensitivity in the skate retina. The Journal of general physiology. 1977. V. 69(1). P. 97-120. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.69.1.97</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Calvert P.D., Govardovskii V.I., Arshavsky V.Y., Makino C.L. Two temporal phases of light adaptation in retinal rods. The Journal of general physiology. 2002. V. 119(2). P. 129-146. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.119.2.129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Carleton K.L., Escobar-Camacho D., Stieb S.M., Cortesi F., Marshall N J. Seeing the rainbow: mechanisms underlying spectral sensitivity in teleost fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2020. V. 223(8). P. jeb193334. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.193334</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Chen M.H., Kuemmel C., Birge R.R., Knox B.E. Rapid release of retinal from a cone visual pigment following photoactivation. Biochemistry. 2012. V. 51(20). P. 4117-4125. DOI: 10.1021/bi201522h</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Claes J.M., Partridge J.C., Hart N.S., Garza-Gisholt E., Ho H.C., Mallefet J., Collin S.P. Photon hunting in the twilight zone: visual features of mesopelagic bioluminescent sharks. PloS One. 2014. V. 9(8). P. e104213. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104213</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Cohen A.I. Rods and Cones. Physiology of Photoreceptor Organs. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Fuortes M.G.F. (eds). Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer, 1972. V. 7/2. P. 63–110. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65340-7_3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Collin S.P., Hart N.S., Shand J., Potter I.C. Morphology and spectral absorption characteristics of retinal photoreceptors in the southern hemisphere lamprey (Geotria australis). Visual neuroscience. 2003. V. 20(2). P. 119-130. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523803202030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Collin S.P., Davies W.L., Hart N.S., Hunt D.M. The evolution of early vertebrate photoreceptors. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009. V. 364( 1531). P. 2925-2940. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0099</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Collin S., V Hoskins R., C Partridge J. Seven retinal specializations in the tubular eye of the deep-sea pearleye, Scopelarchus michaelsarsi: a case study in visual optimization. Brain Behavior and Evolution. 1998. V. 51(6). P. 291-314. DOI: 10.1159/000006544</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Collin S.P., Potter I.C., Braekevelt C.R. The ocular morphology of the southern hemisphere lamprey Geotria australis Gray, with special reference to optical specialisations and the characterisation and phylogeny of photoreceptor types. Brain Behavior and Evolution. 1999. V. 54(2). P. 96-118. DOI: 10.1159/000006616</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Collin S.P., Trezise A.E. Response to Pisani et al. Current Biology. 2006. V. 16(9). P. R320. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Cornwall M.C., Ripps H., Chappell R.L., Jones G.J. Membrane current responses of skate photoreceptors. The Journal of general physiology. 1989. V. 94(4). P. 633-647. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.94.4.633</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Cornwall M. C., Fein A., MacNichol Jr E. F. Cellular mechanisms that underlie bleaching and background adaptation. The Journal of general physiology. 1990. V. 96(2). P. 345-372. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.96.2.345</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Cortesi F., Musilova Z., Stieb S.M., Hart N.S., Siebeck U.E., Malmstrøm M., Tørresen O.K., Jentoft S., Cheney K.L., Marshall N.J., Carleton K.L., Salzburger W. Ancestral duplications and highly dynamic opsin gene evolution in percomorph fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015. V. 112(5). P. 1493-1498. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417803112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Crescitelli F. The gecko visual pigments. The behavior of opsin. The Journal of general physiology. 1979. V. 73(5). P. 541-552. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.73.5.541</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Crescitelli F. The two visual pigments of the gecko: The labile behavior. Journal of comparative physiology. 1980. V. 138(2). P. 121-129. DOI: 10.1007/BF00680436</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Crescitelli F. The visual cells and visual pigments of the vertebrate eye. Photochemistry of vision. Handbook of sensory physiology. Dartnall H.J.A. (eds). Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer, 1972. V. 7/1. P. 245-353. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65066-6_8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Crescitelli F., Dartnall H.J.A., Loew E.R. The gecko visual pigments: A microspectrophotometric study. The Journal of Physiology. 1977. V. 268(2). P. 559-573. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011872</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Darden A.G., Wu B.X., Znoiko S.L., Hazard E.S., Kono M., Crouch R.K., Ma J.X. A novel Xenopus SWS2, P434 visual pigment: structure, cellular location, and spectral analyses. Molecular vision. 2003. V. 9. P. 191-199.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Dartnall H.J.A. The visual pigment of the green rods. Vision Research. 1967. V. 7(1-2). P. 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(67)90022-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Davies W.L., Collin S.P., Hunt D.M. Adaptive gene loss reflects differences in the visual ecology of basal vertebrates. Molecular biology and evolution. 2009. V. 26(8). P. 1803-1809. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp089</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Davies W.I.L., Collin S.P., Hunt D.M. Molecular ecology and adaptation of visual photopigments in craniates. Molecular ecology. 2012. V. 21(13). P. 3121-3158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05617.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Davies, W.L., Cowing, J.A., Bowmaker, J.K., Carvalho, L.S., Gower, D.J., Hunt, D.M. Shedding light on serpent sight: the visual pigments of henophidian snakes. Journal of Neuroscience. 2009. V. 29(23). P. 7519-7525. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0517-09.2009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>de Busserolles F., Cortesi F., Helvik J.V. Davies W.I.L., Templin R.M., Sullivan R.K.P., Michell C.T., Mountford J.K., Collin S.P., Irigoien X., Kaartvedt S., Marshall J. Pushing the limits of photoreception in twilight conditions: the rod-like cone retina of the deep-sea pearlsides. Science advances. 2017. V. 3(11). P. eaao4709. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao4709</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>de Busserolles F., Fogg L., Cortesi F., Marshall J. The exceptional diversity of visual adaptations in deep-sea teleost fishes. Seminars in cell &amp; developmental biology. 2020. V. 106. P. 20-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Denton E.J. Light and vision at depths greater than 200 metres. Light and life in the sea. Herring P.J., Campbell A.K., Whitfield M., Maddock L. (eds). Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1990. P. 127-148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Denton E.J.; Wyllie J.H. Study of the photosensitive pigments in the pink and green rods of the frog. Journal of Physiology. 1955. V. 127. P. 81-89. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005239</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Detwiler S. R., Laurens H. Studies on the retina. The structure of the retina of Phrynosoma cornutum. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1920. V. 32(3). P. 347-356. DOI: 10.1002/cne.900320305</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Dickson D.H., Graves D.A. Fine structure of the lamprey photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (Petromyzon marinus L.). Experimental Eye Research. 1979. V. 29(1). P. 45-60. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(79)90165-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Dodt E. Purkinje-shift in the rod eye of the bush-baby, Galago crassicaudatus. Vision Research. 1967. V. 7(7-8). P. 509-517. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(67)90060-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Donner K., Firsov M.L., Govardovskii V.I. The frequency of isomerization‐like ‘dark’ events in rhodopsin and porphyropsin rods of the bull‐frog retina. The Journal of physiology. 1990. V. 428(1). P. 673-692. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1990.sp018234</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Donner K.O., Reuter T. The spectral sensitivity and photopigment of the green rods in the frog’s retina. Vision Research. 1962. V. 2. P. 357-372. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(62)90003-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Donner K., Yovanovich C.A.M. A frog’s eye view: Foundational revelations and future promises. Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 2020. V. 106. P. 72-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Dowling J.E., Ripps H. Adaptation in skate photoreceptors. The Journal of general physiology. 1972. V. 60(6). P. 698-719. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.60.6.698</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Dowling J.E., Ripps H. On the duplex nature of the skate retina. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 1991. V. 256(S5). P. 55-65. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560509</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Dowling J.E., Ripps H. S-potentials in the skate retina: intracellular recordings during light and dark adaptation. The Journal of General Physiology. 1971. V. 58(2). P. 163-189. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.58.2.163</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Dowling J.E., Ripps H. Visual adaptation in the retina of the skate. The Journal of General Physiology. 1970. V. 56(4). P. 491-520. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.56.4.491</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Dunn R.F. Studies on the retina of the gecko Coleonyx variegatus: I. The visual cell classification. Journal of ultrastructure research. 1966. V. 16(5-6). P. 651-671. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5320(66)80012-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Ebrey T., Koutalos Y. Vertebrate photoreceptors. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2001. V. 20(1). P. 49-94. DOI: 10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00014-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Ellingson J.M., Fleishman L.J., Loew E.R. Visual pigments and spectral sensitivity of the diurnal gecko Gonatodes albogularis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1995. V. 177. P. 559-567. DOI: 10.1007/BF00207185</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Emerling C.A. Genomic regression of claw keratin, taste receptor and light-associated genes provides insights into biology and evolutionary origins of snakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2017a. V. 115. P. 40-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Emerling C.A. Archelosaurian color vision, parietal eye loss, and the crocodylian nocturnal bottleneck. Molecular biology and evolution. 2017b. V. 34(3). P. 666-676. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw265</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Emerling C.A., Springer M.S. Eyes underground: regression of visual protein networks in subterranean mammals. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2014. V. 78. P. 260-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Emerling C.A., Springer M.S. Genomic evidence for rod monochromacy in sloths and armadillos suggests early subterranean history for Xenarthra. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2015. V. 282(1800). P. 20142192. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2192</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Fain G.L. Lamprey vision: photoreceptors and organization of the retina. Seminars in cell &amp; developmental biology. 2020. V. 106. P. 5-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.10.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Fain G.L., Dowling J.E. Intracellular recordings from single rods and cones in the mudpuppy retina. Science. 1973. V. 180(4091). P. 1178-1181. DOI: 10.1126/science.180.4091.1178</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Fernandez H.R.C. Visual pigments of bioluminescent and nonbioluminescent deep-sea fishes. Vision Research. 1979. V. 19(5). P. 589-592. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(79)90144-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Fernholm B., Holmberg K. The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine) – A case of degenerative evolution. Vision Research. 1975. V. 15(2). P. 253-IN4. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(75)90215-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Francke M., Kreysing M., Mack A., Engelmann J., Karl A., Makarov F., Guck J., Kolle M., Wolburg H., Pusch R., von der Emde G., Schuster S., Wagner H.J., Reichenbach A. Grouped retinae and tapetal cups in some Teleostian fish: Occurrence, structure, and function. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2014. V. 38. P. 43-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.10.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Franz V. Die Akkommodation des Selachierauges und seine Abblendungsapparate, nebst Befunden an der Retina. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere. 1931. V. 49. P. 323-462.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Fröhlich E., Wagner H.J. Development of multibank rod retinae in deep-sea fishes. Visual neuroscience. 1998. V. 15(3). P. 477-483. DOI: 10.1017/s095252389815304x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Gamble T., Greenbaum E., Jackman T.R., Bauer A.M. Into the light: diurnality has evolved multiple times in geckos. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2015. V. 115(4). P. 896-910. DOI: 10.1111/bij.12536</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Goldsmith T. H., Collins J. S., Licht S. The cone oil droplets of avian retinas. Vision research. 1984. V. 24(11). P. 1661-1671. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(84)90324-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Golobokova E.Y., Govardovskii V.I. Late stages of visual pigment photolysis in situ: cones vs. rods. Vision research. 2006. V. 46(14). P. 2287-2297. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2005.12.017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Lychakov D.V. Visual cells and visual pigments of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1984. V. 154(2). P. 279-286. DOI: 10.1007/BF00604994</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Zueva L.V., Lychakov D.V. Microspectrophotometric study of visual pigments in five species of geckos. Vision research. 1984. V. 24(10). P. 1421-1423. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(84)90198-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V.I., Rotov A.Y., Astakhova L.A., Nikolaeva D.A., Firsov M.L. Visual cells and visual pigments of the river lamprey revisited. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 2020. V. 206(1). P. 71-84. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01395-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Govardovskii V. I., Reuter T. Why do green rods of frog and toad retinas look green? Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 2014. V. 200. P. 823-835. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0925-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Gower D.J., Fleming J.F., Pisani D., Vonk F.J., Kerkkamp H.M., Peichl L., Meimann S, Casewell N.R., Henkel C.V., Richardson M.K., Sanders K.L., Simões B.F. Eye-transcriptome and genome-wide sequencing for Scolecophidia: implications for inferring the visual system of the ancestral snake. Genome biology and evolution. 2021. V. 13(12). P. evab253. DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab253</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Gower D.J., Hauzman E., Simões B.F., Schott R.K. Eyes, vision, and the origins and early evolution of snakes. The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes. Gower D.J., Zaher H. (eds). Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2022. V. 90. P. 316. DOI: 10.1017/9781108938891.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Gower D.J., Sampaio F. L., Peichl L., Wagner H.J., Loew E.R., Mclamb W., Douglas R.H., Orlov N., Grace M.S., Hart N.S., Hunt D.M., Partridge J.C., Simões B.F. Evolution of the eyes of vipers with and without infrared-sensing pit organs. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2019. V. 126(4). P. 796-823. DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Gruber S.H. Duplex vision in the elasmobranchs: histological, electrophysiological and psychophysical evidence. Vision in fishes: new approaches in research. Ali M.A. (eds). Boston, MA. Springer, 1975. P. 525-540.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Hahn J., Monavarfeshani A., Qiao M., Kao A.H., Kölsch Y., Kumar A., Kunze V.P., Rasys A.M., Richardson R., Wekselblatt J.B., Baier H., Lucas R.J., Li W., Meister M., Trachtenberg J.T., Yan W., Peng Y.R., Sanes J.R., Shekhar K. Evolution of neuronal cell classes and types in the vertebrate retina. Nature. 2023. V. 624(7991). P. 415-424. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06638-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Hamasaki D.I. An anatomical and electrophysiological study of the retina of the owl monkey, Aotes trivirgatus. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1967. V. 130(2). P. 163-173. DOI: 10.1002/cne.901300205</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Hart N.S., Lamb T.D., Patel H.R., Chuah A., Natoli R.C., Hudson N.J., Cutmore S.C., Davies W.I..L., Collin S.P., Hunt D.M. Visual opsin diversity in sharks and rays. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2020. V. 37(3). P. 811-827. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Hart N S., Coimbra J.P., Collin S.P., Westhoff G. Photoreceptor types, visual pigments, and topographic specializations in the retinas of hydrophiid sea snakes. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2012. V. 520(6). P. 1246-1261. DOI: 10.1002/cne.22784</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Hauser F.E., Chang B.S.W. Insights into visual pigment adaptation and diversity from model ecological and evolutionary systems. Current opinion in genetics &amp; development. 2017. V. 47. P. 110-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.09.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Hauzman E. Adaptations and evolutionary trajectories of the snake rod and cone photoreceptors. Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 2020. V. 106. P. 86-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>Hauzman E., Bonci D.M. O., Suárez-Villota E.Y., Neitz M., Ventura D.F. Daily activity patterns influence retinal morphology, signatures of selection, and spectral tuning of opsin genes in colubrid snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017. V. 17. P. 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1110-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Hauzman E., Bonci D.M., Grotzner S.R., Mela M. Liber A.M., Martins S.L., Ventura D.F. Comparative study of photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in Dipsadidae snakes. Brain Behavior and Evolution. 2014. V. 84(3). P. 197-213. DOI: 10.1159/000365275</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><label>111.</label><mixed-citation>Hecht S. Rods, cones, and the chemical basis of vision. Physiological Reviews. 1937. V. 17(2). P. 239-290. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1937.17.2.239</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><label>112.</label><mixed-citation>Hecht S., Shlaer S., Pirenne M.H. Energy, quanta, and vision. Journal of General Physiology. 1942. V. 25(6). P. 819-840. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.25.6.819</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><label>113.</label><mixed-citation>Hibbard E., Lavergne J. Morphology of the retina of the sea-snake, Pelamis platurus. Journal of anatomy. 1972. V. 112(Pt 1). P. 125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><label>114.</label><mixed-citation>Hisatomi O., Ishikawa M., Tonosaki A., Tokunaga F. Characterization of lamprey rhodopsin by isolation from lamprey retina and expression in mammalian cells. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 1997. V. 66. P. 792–5. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03226.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><label>115.</label><mixed-citation>Hisatomi O., Takahashi Y., Taniguchi Y., Tsukahara Y., Tokunaga F. Primary structure of a visual pigment in bullfrog green rods. FEBS Letters. 1999. V. 447. P. 44–48. DOI: 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00209-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><label>116.</label><mixed-citation>Hisatomi O., Kayada S., Taniguchi Y., Kobayashi Y., Satoh T., Tokunaga F. Primary structure and characterization of a bullfrog visual pigment contained in small single cones. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B. 1998. V. 119(3). P. 585-591. DOI: 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)00032-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><label>117.</label><mixed-citation>Hisatomi O., Tokunaga F. Molecular evolution of proteins involved in vertebrate phototransduction. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B. 2002. V. 133(4). P. 509-522. DOI: 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00127-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><label>118.</label><mixed-citation>Hofmann K.P., Lamb T.D. Rhodopsin, light-sensor of vision. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2023. V. 93. P. 101116. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><label>119.</label><mixed-citation>Imai H., Imamoto Y., Yoshizawa T., Shichida Y. Difference in molecular properties between chicken green and rhodopsin as related to the functional difference between cone and rod photoreceptor cells. Biochemistry. 1995. V. 34. P. 10525-10531. DOI: 10.1021/bi00033a026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><label>120.</label><mixed-citation>Imai H., Kuwayama S., Onishi A., Morizumi T., Chisaka O., Shichida Y. Molecular properties of rod and cone visual pigments from purified chicken cone pigments to mouse rhodopsin in situ. Photochemical &amp; Photobiological Sciences. 2005. V. 4. P. 667–674. DOI: 10.1039/b416731g</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><label>121.</label><mixed-citation>Ingram N.T., Sampath A.P., Fain G.L. Why are rods more sensitive than cones? The Journal of physiology. 2016. V. 594(9). P. 5415-5426. DOI: 10.1113/JP272556</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><label>122.</label><mixed-citation>Ishikawa M., Takao M., Washioka H., Tokunaga F., Watanabe H., Tonosaki A. Demonstration of rod and cone photoreceptors in the lamprey retina by freeze-replication and immunofluorescence. Cell and tissue research. 1987. V. 249. P. 241-246. DOI: 10.1007/bf00215506</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B123"><label>123.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobs G.H. Losses of functional opsin genes, short-wavelength cone photopigments, and color vision—a significant trend in the evolution of mammalian vision. Visual Neuroscience. 2013. V. 30(1-2). P. 39-53. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523812000429</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B124"><label>124.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobs G.H., Fisher S.K., Anderson D.H., Silverman M.S. Scotopic and photopic vision in the California ground squirrel: physiological and anatomical evidence. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1976. V. 165(2). P. 209-227. DOI: 10.1002/cne.901650207</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B125"><label>125.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobs G.H., Fenwick J.A., Crognale M.A., Deegan J.F. The all-cone retina of the garter snake: spectral mechanisms and photopigment. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1992. V. 170. P. 701-707. DOI: 10.1007/bf00198980</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B126"><label>126.</label><mixed-citation>Jamieson G.S., Fisher H.D. The retina of the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1971. V. 49(1). P. 19-23. DOI: 10.1139/z71-005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B127"><label>127.</label><mixed-citation>Karnik S.S., Sakmar T.P., Chen H.B., Khorana H.G. Cysteine residues 110 and 187 are essential for the formation of correct structure in bovine rhodopsin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1988. V. 85(22). P. 8459-8463. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.22.8459</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B128"><label>128.</label><mixed-citation>Katti C., Stacey-Solis M., Coronel-Rojas N.A., Davies W.I.L. The diversity and adaptive evolution of visual photopigments in reptiles. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019. V. 7. P. 352. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00352</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B129"><label>129.</label><mixed-citation>Kawamura S., Tachibanaki S. Molecular bases of rod and cone differences. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2022. V. 90. P. 101040. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B130"><label>130.</label><mixed-citation>Kawamura S., Yokoyama S. Functional characterization of visual and nonvisual pigments of American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis). Vision research. 1998. V. 38(1). P. 37-44. DOI: 10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00160-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B131"><label>131.</label><mixed-citation>Kefalov V., Fu Y., Marsh-Armstrong N., Yau K.W. Role of visual pigment properties in rod and cone phototransduction. Nature. 2003. V. 425(6957). P. 526-531. DOI: 10.1038/nature01992</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B132"><label>132.</label><mixed-citation>Kefalov V.J. Rod and cone visual pigments and phototransduction through pharmacological, genetic, and physiological approaches. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012. V. 287(3). P. 1635-1641. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.R111.303008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B133"><label>133.</label><mixed-citation>Kelber A., Roth L.S.V. Nocturnal colour vision–not as rare as we might think. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2006. V. 209(5). P. 781-788. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02060</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B134"><label>134.</label><mixed-citation>Kelber A., Yovanovich C., Olsson P. Thresholds and noise limitations of colour vision in dim light. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2017. V. 372(1717). P. 20160065. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0065</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B135"><label>135.</label><mixed-citation>Kiser P.D., Golczak M., Palczewski K. Chemistry of the retinoid (visual) cycle. Chemical reviews. 2014. V. 114(1). P. 194-232. DOI: 10.1021/cr400107q</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B136"><label>136.</label><mixed-citation>Kleinschmidt J., Dowling J.E. Intracellular recordings from gecko photoreceptors during light and dark adaptation. The Journal of general physiology. 1975. V. 66(5). P. 617-648. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.66.5.617</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B137"><label>137.</label><mixed-citation>Koch K.W., Dell’Orco D. A calcium-relay mechanism in vertebrate phototransduction. ACS chemical neuroscience. 2013. V. 4(6). P. 909-917. DOI: 10.1021/cn400027z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B138"><label>138.</label><mixed-citation>Kojima D., Okano T., Fukada Y., Shichida Y., Yoshizawa T., Ebrey T.G. Cone visual pigments are present in gecko rod cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1992. V. 89(15). P. 6841-6845. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.6841</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B139"><label>139.</label><mixed-citation>Kojima K., Matsutani Y., Yamashita T., Yanagawa M., Imamoto Y., Yamano Y., Wada A., Hisatomi O., Nishikawa K., Sakurai K., Shichida Y. Adaptation of cone pigments found in green rods for scotopic vision through a single amino acid mutation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017. V. 114. P. 5437-5442. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620010114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B140"><label>140.</label><mixed-citation>Kojima K., Matsutani Y., Yanagawa M., Imamoto Y., Yamano Y., Wada A., Shichida Y., Yamashita T. Evolutionary adaptation of visual pigments in geckos for their photic environment. Science Advances. 2021. V. 7(40). P. eabj1316. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj1316</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B141"><label>141.</label><mixed-citation>Kojima K., Yanagawa M., Imamoto Y., Yamano Y., Wada A., Shichida Y., Yamashita T. Convergent mechanism underlying the acquisition of vertebrate scotopic vision. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2024. V. 300(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107175</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B142"><label>142.</label><mixed-citation>Kolesnikov A.V., Ala-Laurila P., Shukolyukov S.A., Crouch R.K., Wiggert B., Estevez M.E., Govardovskii V.I., Cornwall M.C. Visual cycle and its metabolic support in gecko photoreceptors. Vision research. 2007. V. 47(3). P. 363-374. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.08.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B143"><label>143.</label><mixed-citation>Kondrashev S.L. Trichromatic vision in toads: evidence from preference for colour objects during mate choice. Behaviour. 2023. V. 160(8-9). P. 753-784. DOI: 10.1163/1568539X-bja10233</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B144"><label>144.</label><mixed-citation>Korenyak D.A., Govardovskii V.I. Photoreceptors and visual pigments in three species of newts. Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 2013. V. 49. P. 399-407. DOI: 10.1134/S0022093013040038</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B145"><label>145.</label><mixed-citation>Koskelainen A., Hemilä S., Donner K. Spectral sensitivities of short‐and long‐wavelength sensitive cone mechanisms in the frog retina. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1994. V. 152(1). P. 115-124. DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1994.tb09790.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B146"><label>146.</label><mixed-citation>Lagman D., Franzen I.E., Eggert J., Larhammar D., Abalo X.M. Evolution and expression of the phosphodiesterase 6 genes unveils vertebrate novelty to control photosensitivity. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2016. V. 16. P. 124. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0695-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B147"><label>147.</label><mixed-citation>Lamb T.D. Evolution of phototransduction, vertebrate photoreceptors and retina. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2013. V. 36. P. 52-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.06.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B148"><label>148.</label><mixed-citation>Lamb T.D. Evolution of the genes mediating phototransduction in rod and cone photoreceptors. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2020. V. 76. P. 100823. 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100823</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B149"><label>149.</label><mixed-citation>Lamb T.D., Pugh E.N. Jr. Phototransduction, dark adaptation, and rhodopsin regeneration. The Proctor Lecture. Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 2006. V. 47. P. 5138–5152. DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-0849</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B150"><label>150.</label><mixed-citation>Locket N.A. Adaptations to the deep-sea environment. The visual system in vertebrates. Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Crescitelli F. (eds). Berlin, Heidelberg. Springer, 1977. V. 7/5. P. 67-192. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66468-7_3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B151"><label>151.</label><mixed-citation>Locket N.A. The multiple bank rod fovea of Bajacalifornia drakei, an alepocephalid deep-sea teleost. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 1985. V. 224(1234). P. 7-22. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1985.0018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B152"><label>152.</label><mixed-citation>Loew E.R. A third, ultraviolet-sensitive, visual pigment in the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko). Vision research. 1994. V. 34(11). P. 1427-1431. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(94)90143-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B153"><label>153.</label><mixed-citation>Loew E.R., Govardovskii V.I., Röhlich P., Szél Á. Microspectrophotometric and immunocytochemical identification of ultraviolet photoreceptors in geckos. Visual Neuroscience. 1996. V. 13(2). P. 247-256. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523800007483</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B154"><label>154.</label><mixed-citation>Luo D.G.; Yue W.W.; Ala-Laurila P.; Yau K.W. Activation of visual pigments by light and heat. Science. 2011. V. 332. P. 1307-1312. DOI: 10.1126/science.1200172</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B155"><label>155.</label><mixed-citation>Lupše N., Cortesi F., Freese M., Marohn L., Pohlmann J.D., Wysujack K., Hanel R., Musilova Z. Visual gene expression reveals a cone-to-rod developmental progression in deep-sea fishes. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2021. V. 38(12). P. 5664-5677. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab281</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B156"><label>156.</label><mixed-citation>Ma J., Znoiko S., Othersen K.L., Ryan J.C., Das J., Isayama T., Kono,M., Oprian D.D., Corson W.D., Cornwall M.C., Cameron D.A., Harosi F.I., Makino C.L., Crouch R.K. A visual pigment expressed in both rod and cone photoreceptors. Neuron. 2001. V. 32. P. 451-461. DOI: 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00482-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B157"><label>157.</label><mixed-citation>Macedonia J.M., Lappin A.K., Loew E.R., Mcguire J.A., Hamilton P.S., Plasman M., Brandt Y., Lemos-Espinal J.A., Kemp D.J. Conspicuousness of Dickerson’s collared lizard (Crotaphytus dickersonae) through the eyes of conspecifics and predators. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009. V. 97(4). P. 749-765. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01217.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B158"><label>158.</label><mixed-citation>Magaña-Hernández L., Wagh A.S., Fathi J.G., Robles J.E., Rubio B., Yusuf Y., Rose E.E., Brown D.E., Perry P.E., Hamada E., Anastassov I. A. Ultrastructural characteristics and synaptic connectivity of photoreceptors in the simplex retina of Little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Eneuro. 2023. V. 10(10). P. eneuro.0226-23.2023. DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0226-23.2023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B159"><label>159.</label><mixed-citation>Mariani A.P. Photoreceptors of the larval tiger salamander retina. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 1986. V. 227(1249). P. 483-492. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1986.0035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B160"><label>160.</label><mixed-citation>Matthews G. Dark noise in the outer segment membrane current of green rod photoreceptors from toad retina. The Journal of Physiology. 1984. V. 349(1). P. 607-618. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015176</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B161"><label>161.</label><mixed-citation>Matthews G. Physiological characteristics of single green rod photoreceptors from toad retina. The Journal of Physiology. 1983. V. 342(1). P. 347-359. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014855</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B162"><label>162.</label><mixed-citation>Maximov V.V., Orlov O.Y., Reuter T. Chromatic properties of the retinal afferents in the thalamus and the tectum of the frog (Rana temporaria). Vision Research. 1985. V. 25. P. 1037–1049. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(85)90092-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B163"><label>163.</label><mixed-citation>McDevitt D.S., Brahma S.K., Jeanny J.C., Hicks D. Presence and foveal enrichment of rod opsin in the “all cone” retina of the American chameleon. The Anatomical Record. 1993. V. 237(3). P. 299-307. DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092370302</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B164"><label>164.</label><mixed-citation>McGowen M.R., Tsagkogeorga G., Williamson J., Morin P.A., Rossiter A.S.J. Positive selection and inactivation in the vision and hearing genes of cetaceans. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2020. V. 37. №. 7. P. 2069-2083. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa070.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B165"><label>165.</label><mixed-citation>McKibbin C., Toye A.M., Reeves P.J., Khorana H.G., Edwards P.C., Villa C., Booth P.J. Opsin stability and folding: the role of Cys185 and abnormal disulfide bond formation in the intradiscal domain. Journal of molecular biology. 2007. V. 374(5). P. 1309-1318. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.10.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B166"><label>166.</label><mixed-citation>Meneghini K.A., Hamasaki D.I. The electroretinogram of the iguana and Tokay gecko. Vision Research. 1967. V. 7(3-4). P. 243-IN11. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(67)90088-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B167"><label>167.</label><mixed-citation>Meredith R.W., Gatesy J., Emerling C.A., York V.M., Springer M.S. Rod monochromacy and the coevolution of cetacean retinal opsins. PLoS Genetics. 2013. V. 9(4). P. e1003432. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B168"><label>168.</label><mixed-citation>Mohun S.M., Davies W.I.L. The evolution of amphibian photoreception. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019. V. 7. P. 321. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B169"><label>169.</label><mixed-citation>Morshedian A., Fain G.L. Single-photon sensitivity of lamprey rods with cone-like outer segments. Current Biology. 2015. V. 25(4). P. 484-487. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.12.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B170"><label>170.</label><mixed-citation>Morshedian A., Fain G.L. Light adaptation and the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors. The Journal of physiology. 2017. V. 595(14). P. 4947-4960. DOI: 10.1113/JP274211</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B171"><label>171.</label><mixed-citation>Müller B., Goodman S. M., Peichl L. Cone photoreceptor diversity in the retinas of fruit bats (Megachiroptera). Brain Behavior and Evolution. 2007. V. 70(2). P. 90-104. DOI: 10.1159/000102971</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B172"><label>172.</label><mixed-citation>Müller H. Anatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen über die Retina des Menschen und der Wirbelthiere. Leipzig. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1856. 122 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B173"><label>173.</label><mixed-citation>Munk O. Ocular anatomy of some deep-sea teleosts. Copenhagen. Andr. Fred. Høst &amp; Søn, 1966. 63 p. DOI: 10.1163/9789004628663</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B174"><label>174.</label><mixed-citation>Munk O., Rasmussen J.B. Note on the rod‐like photoreceptors in the retina of the snake Telescopus fallax (Fleischmann, 1831). Acta Zoologica. 1993. V. 74(1). P. 9-13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01216.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B175"><label>175.</label><mixed-citation>Munz F.W. Photosensitive pigments from the retinae of certain deep-sea fishes. The Journal of physiology. 1958. V. 140(2). P. 220. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1958.sp005929</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B176"><label>176.</label><mixed-citation>Muradov H., Kerov V., Boyd K.K., Artemyev N.O. Unique transducins expressed in long and short photoreceptors of lamprey Petromyzon marinus. Vision Research. 2008. V. 48(21). P. 2302-2308. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.07.006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B177"><label>177.</label><mixed-citation>Muradov H., Boyd K.K., Kerov V., Artemyev N.O. PDE6 in lamprey Petromyzon marinus: implications for the evolution of the visual effector in vertebrates. Biochemistry. 2007. V. 46(35). P. 9992–10000. DOI: 10.1021/bi700535s</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B178"><label>178.</label><mixed-citation>Musilova Z., Cortesi F., Matschiner M., Davies W. I., Patel J. S., Stieb S.M., de Busserolles F., Malmstrøm M., Tørresen O.K., Brown C.J., Mountford J.K., Hanel R., Stenkamp D.L., Jakobsen K.S., Carleton K.L., Jentoft S., Marshall N.J., Salzburger W. Vision using multiple distinct rod opsins in deep-sea fishes. Science. 2019. V. 364(6440). P. 588-592. DOI: 10.1126/science.aav4632</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B179"><label>179.</label><mixed-citation>Musilova Z., Salzburger W., Cortesi F. The visual opsin gene repertoires of teleost fishes: evolution, ecology, and function. Annual review of cell and developmental biology. 2021. V. 37. P. 441-468. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120219-024915</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B180"><label>180.</label><mixed-citation>Mustafi D., Engel A. H., Palczewski K. Structure of cone photoreceptors. Progress in retinal and eye research. 2009. V. 28(4). P. 289-302. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.05.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B181"><label>181.</label><mixed-citation>Nagloo N., Collin S.P., Hemmi J.M., Hart N.S. Spatial resolving power and spectral sensitivity of the saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, and the freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2016. V. 219(9). P. 1394-1404. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.135673</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B182"><label>182.</label><mixed-citation>New S.T., Hemmi J.M., Kerr G.D., Bull C.M. Ocular anatomy and retinal photoreceptors in a skink, the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa). The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 2012. V. 295(10). P. 1727-1735. DOI: 10.1002/ar.22546</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B183"><label>183.</label><mixed-citation>Nickle B., Robinson P.R. The opsins of the vertebrate retina: insights from structural, biochemical, and evolutionary studies. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2007. V. 64. P. 2917-2932. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-007-7253-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B184"><label>184.</label><mixed-citation>Nikonov S., Lamb T.D., Pugh Jr E.N. The role of steady phosphodiesterase activity in the kinetics and sensitivity of the light-adapted salamander rod photoresponse. The Journal of general physiology. 2000. V. 116(6). P. 795-824. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.116.6.795</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B185"><label>185.</label><mixed-citation>Nilsson S.E.G. An electron microscopic classification of the retinal receptors of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Journal of Ultrastructure Research. 1964. V. 10. P. 390–416. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5320(64)80018-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B186"><label>186.</label><mixed-citation>O’Brien J., Ripps H., Al-Ubaidi M.R. Molecular cloning of a rod opsin cDNA from the skate retina. Gene. 1997. V. 193(2). P. 141-150. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00079-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B187"><label>187.</label><mixed-citation>O’Day K. Visual cells of the guinea pig. Nature. 1947. V. 160(4071). P. 648-648. DOI: 10.1038/160648a0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B188"><label>188.</label><mixed-citation>O’Day W.T., Young R.W. Rhythmic daily shedding of outer-segment membranes by visual cells in the goldfish. The Journal of cell biology. 1978. V. 76(3). P. 593-604. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.76.3.593</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B189"><label>189.</label><mixed-citation>Öhman P. The Photoreceptor Outer Segments of the River Lamprey (Lampreta fluviatilis). An Electron‐, Fluorescence‐and Light Microscopic Study. Acta Zoologica. 1971. V. 52(2). P. 287-297. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1971.tb00564.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B190"><label>190.</label><mixed-citation>Öhman P. Fine structure of photoreceptors and associated neurons in the retina of Lampetra fluviatilis (Cyclostomi). Vision research. 1976. V. 16(6). P. 659-IN6. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(76)90014-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B191"><label>191.</label><mixed-citation>Pedler C. Rods and cones – a new approach. International review of general and experimental zoology. 1969. V. 4. P. 219-274. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-368104-1.50010-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B192"><label>192.</label><mixed-citation>Pedler C., Tansley K. The fine structure of the cone of a diurnal gecko (Phelsuma inunguis). Experimental eye research. 1963. V. 2(1). P. 39-IN21. DOI: 10.1016/S0014-4835(63)80023-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B193"><label>193.</label><mixed-citation>Pedler C., Tilly R. The nature of the gecko visual cell: A light and electron microscopic study. Vision research. 1964. V. 4(9-10). P. 499-IN18. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(64)90056-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B194"><label>194.</label><mixed-citation>Pepperberg D.R., Cornwall M.C., Kahlert M., Hofmann K.P., Jin J., Jones G.J., Ripps H. Light-dependent delay in the falling phase of the retinal rod photoresponse. Visual neuroscience. 1992. V. 8(1). P. 9-18. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523800006441</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B195"><label>195.</label><mixed-citation>Pinto B.J., Nielsen S.V., Gamble T. Transcriptomic data support a nocturnal bottleneck in the ancestor of gecko lizards. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2019. V. 141. P. 106639. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106639</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B196"><label>196.</label><mixed-citation>Pisani D., Mohun S.M., Harris S.R., MacInerney J.O., Wilkinson M. Molecular evidence for dim-light vision in the last common ancestor of the vertebrates. Current Biology. 2006. V. 16(9). P. R318-R319. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.090</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B197"><label>197.</label><mixed-citation>Pyron R.A., Burbrink F.T., Wiens J.J. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary biology. 2013. V. 13. P. 1-54. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B198"><label>198.</label><mixed-citation>Reuter T. The synthesis of photosensitive pigments in the rods of the frog’s retina. Vision research. 1966. V. 6(1-2). P. 15-38. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(66)90011-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B199"><label>199.</label><mixed-citation>Rieke F., Baylor D.A. Origin and functional impact of dark noise in retinal cones. Neuron. 2000. V. 26. P. 181–186. DOI: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81148-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B200"><label>200.</label><mixed-citation>Ripps H., Dowling J.E. Structural features and adaptive properties of photoreceptors in the skate retina. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 1991. V. 256(S5). P. 46-54. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402560508</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B201"><label>201.</label><mixed-citation>Rispoli G., Sather W.A., Detwiler P.B. Visual transduction in dialysed detached rod outer segments from lizard retina. The Journal of physiology. 1993. V. 465(1). P. 513-537. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019691</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B202"><label>202.</label><mixed-citation>Röll B. Characterization of retinal oil droplets in diurnal geckos (Reptilia, Gekkonidae). Journal of Experimental Zoology. 2000a. V. 287(7). P. 467-476. DOI: 10.1002/1097-010X(20001201)287:7&lt;467::AID-JEZ2&gt;3.0.CO;2-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B203"><label>203.</label><mixed-citation>Röll B. Gecko vision – visual cells, evolution, and ecological constraints. Journal of neurocytology. 2000b. V. 29(7). P. 471-484. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007293511912</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B204"><label>204.</label><mixed-citation>Röll B., Horn H.G. The structure of the eye of the monitor lizard Varanus griseus caspius (Reptilia, Varanidae). Advances in Monitor Research II. Mertensiella. Horn H.G., Böhme W. (eds). Rheinbach. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkundeņ, 1999. V. 11. P. 291-306.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B205"><label>205.</label><mixed-citation>Roth L.S.V., Kelber A. Nocturnal colour vision in geckos. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2004. V. 271(suppl. 6). P. S485-S487. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0227</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B206"><label>206.</label><mixed-citation>Sakurai K. Physiological characteristics of photoreceptors in the lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. 2017. Zoological Science. V. 34(4). P. 326-330. DOI: 10.2108/zs170044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B207"><label>207.</label><mixed-citation>Schluessel V., Rick I.P., Seifert F.D., Baumann C., Davies W.I.L. Not just shades of grey: life is full of colour for the ocellate river stingray (Potamotrygon motoro). Journal of Experimental Biology. 2021. V. 224(9). P. jeb226142. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226142</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B208"><label>208.</label><mixed-citation>Schott R.K., Fujita M.K., Streicher J.W., Gower D.J., Thomas K.N., Loew E.R., Bamba Kaya A.G., Bittencourt-Silva G.B., Becker C.G., Cisneros-Heredia D., Clulow S., Davila M., Firneno T.J., Haddad C.F.B., Janssenswillen S., Labisko J., Maddock S.T., Mahony M., Martins R.A., Michaels C.J., Mitchell N.J., Portik D.M., Prates I., Roelants K., Roelke C., Tobi E., Woolfolk M., Bell R.C. Diversity and evolution of frog visual opsins: spectral tuning and adaptation to distinct light environments. Molecular biology and evolution. 2024. V. 41(4). P. msae049. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae049</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B209"><label>209.</label><mixed-citation>Schott R.K., Bhattacharyya N., Chang B.S.W. Evolutionary signatures of photoreceptor transmutation in geckos reveal potential adaptation and convergence with snakes. Evolution. 2019. V. 73(9). P. 1958-1971. DOI: 10.1111/evo.13810</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B210"><label>210.</label><mixed-citation>Schott R.K., Müller J., Yang C.G.Y., Bhattacharyya N., Chan N., Xu M., Morrow J.M., Ghenu A.H., Loew E.R., Tropepe V., Chang B.S.W. Evolutionary transformation of rod photoreceptors in the all-cone retina of a diurnal garter snake. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016. V. 113(2). P. 356-361. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1513284113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B211"><label>211.</label><mixed-citation>Schott R.K., Panesar B., Card D.C., Preston M., Castoe T.A., Chang B.S. Targeted capture of complete coding regions across divergent species. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2017. V. 9(2). P. 398-414. DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B212"><label>212.</label><mixed-citation>Schott R.K., Van Nynatten A., Card D.C., Castoe T.A., Chang B.S. Shifts in selective pressures on snake phototransduction genes associated with photoreceptor transmutation and dim-light ancestry. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2018. V. 35(6). P. 1376-1389. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B213"><label>213.</label><mixed-citation>Schultze M. Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina. Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie. 1866. V. 2(1). P. 175-286. DOI: 10.1007/bf02962033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B214"><label>214.</label><mixed-citation>Schultze M. Über Stäbchen und Zapfen der Retina. Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie. 1867. V. 3(1). P. 215-247. DOI: 10.1007/bf02960456</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B215"><label>215.</label><mixed-citation>Schweikert L.E., Fasick J.I., Grace M.S. Evolutionary loss of cone photoreception in balaenid whales reveals circuit stability in the mammalian retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2016. V. 524(14). P. 2873-2885. DOI: 10.1002/cne.23996</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B216"><label>216.</label><mixed-citation>Shichida Y., Matsuyama T. Evolution of opsins and phototransduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2009. V. 364(1531). P. 2881-2895. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0051</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B217"><label>217.</label><mixed-citation>Siddiqi A., Cronin T.W., Loew E.R., Vorobyev M., Summers K. Interspecific and intraspecific views of color signals in the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2004. V. 207(14). P. 2471-2485. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01047</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B218"><label>218.</label><mixed-citation>Sillman A.J., Carver J.K., Loew E.R. The photoreceptors and visual pigments in the retina of a boid snake, the ball python (Python regius). Journal of Experimental Biology. 1999. V. 202(14). P. 1931-1938. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.14.1931</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B219"><label>219.</label><mixed-citation>Sillman A.J., Johnson J.L., Loew E.R. Retinal photoreceptors and visual pigments in Boa constrictor imperator. Journal of Experimental Zoology. 2001. V. 290(4). P. 359-365. DOI: 10.1002/jez.1076</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B220"><label>220.</label><mixed-citation>Sillman A.J., Ronan S.J., Loew E.R. Histology and microspectrophotometry of the photoreceptors of a crocodilian, Alligator mississippiensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 1991. V. 243(1306). P. 93-98. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1991.0016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B221"><label>221.</label><mixed-citation>Sillman A.J., Govardovskii V.I., Röhlich P., Southard J.A., Loew E.R. The photoreceptors and visual pigments of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis): a microspectrophotometric, scanning electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 1997. V. 181. P. 89-101. DOI: 10.1007/s003590050096</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B222"><label>222.</label><mixed-citation>Simões B.F., Sampaio F.L., Jared C., Antoniazzi M.M., Loew E.R., Bowmaker J.K., Rodriguez A., Hart N.S., Hunt D.M., Partridge J.C., Gower D.J. Visual system evolution and the nature of the ancestral snake. Journal of evolutionary biology. 2015. V. 28(7). P. 1309-1320. DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12663</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B223"><label>223.</label><mixed-citation>Simões B.F., Sampaio F.L., Loew E.R., Sanders K.L., Fisher R.N., Hart N.S., Hunt D.M., Partridge J.C., Gower D.J. Multiple rod–cone and cone–rod photoreceptor transmutations in snakes: evidence from visual opsin gene expression. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2016a. V. 283(1823). P. 20152624. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B224"><label>224.</label><mixed-citation>Simões B.F., Sampaio F.L., Douglas R.H., Kodandaramaiah U., Casewell N.R., Harrison R.A., Hart N.S., Partridge J.C., Hunt D.M., Gower D.J. Visual pigments, ocular filters and the evolution of snake vision. Molecular biology and evolution. 2016b. V. 33(10). P. 2483-2495. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw148</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B225"><label>225.</label><mixed-citation>Smith M.A., Waugh D.A., McBurney D.L., George J.C., Suydam R.S., Thewissen J.G., Crish S.D. A comparative analysis of cone photoreceptor morphology in bowhead and beluga whales. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2021. V. 529(9). P. 2376-2390. DOI: 10.1002/cne.25101</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B226"><label>226.</label><mixed-citation>Springer M.S., Emerling C.A., Fugate N., Patel R., Starrett J., Morin P.A., Hayashi C., Gatesy J. Inactivation of cone-specific phototransduction genes in rod monochromatic cetaceans. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2016. V. 4. P. 61. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B227"><label>227.</label><mixed-citation>Stovall R.H. Observations on the Micro-and Ultrastructure of the Visual Cells of Certain Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology. 1976. V. 10(4). P. 269-275. DOI: 10.2307/1563063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B228"><label>228.</label><mixed-citation>Strauss O. The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiological reviews. 2005. V. 85(3). P. 845-881. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B229"><label>229.</label><mixed-citation>Szamier R. B., Ripps H. The visual cells of the skate retina: Structure, histochemistry, and disc‐shedding properties. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1983. V. 215(1). P. 51-62. DOI: 10.1002/cne.902150105</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B230"><label>230.</label><mixed-citation>Szél A., Röhlich P., Govardovskii V. Immunocytochemical discrimination of visual pigments in the retinal photoreceptors of the nocturnal gecko Teratoscincus scincus. Experimental eye research. 1986. V. 43(6). P. 895-904. DOI: 10.1016/0014-4835(86)90068-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B231"><label>231.</label><mixed-citation>Tachibanaki S., Arinobu D., Shimauchi-Matsukawa Y., Tsushima S., Kawamura S. Highly effective phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7 of light-activated visual pigment in cones. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2005. V. 102(26). P. 9329-9334. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501875102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B232"><label>232.</label><mixed-citation>Tachibanaki S., Tsushima S., Kawamura S. Low amplification and fast visual pigment phosphorylation as mechanisms characterizing cone photoresponses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001. V. 98. P. 14044–14049. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.241396898</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B233"><label>233.</label><mixed-citation>Tachibanaki S., Yonetsu S. I., Fukaya S., Koshitani Y., Kawamura S. Low activation and fast inactivation of transducin in carp cones. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2012. V. 287(49). P. 41186-41194. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.403717</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B234"><label>234.</label><mixed-citation>Tansley K. The gecko retina. Vision research. 1964. V. 4(1-2). P. 33-37. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(64)90029-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B235"><label>235.</label><mixed-citation>Tansley K. The retina of two nocturnal geckos Hemidactylus turcicus and Tarentola mauritanica. Pflüger’s Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere. 1959. V. 268. P. 213-220. DOI: 10.1007/bf00362521</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B236"><label>236.</label><mixed-citation>Toomey M.B., Corbo J.C. Evolution, development and function of vertebrate cone oil droplets. Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 2017. V. 11. P. 97. DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00097</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B237"><label>237.</label><mixed-citation>Tretjakoff D.K. Sense organs of the river lamprey. University of Novorossijsk, Odessa. 1916. 647 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B238"><label>238.</label><mixed-citation>Underwood G. Some suggestions concerning vertebrate visual cells. Vision research. 1968a. V. 8(4). P. 483-488. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(68)90117-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B239"><label>239.</label><mixed-citation>Underwood G. A Contribution to the Classification of Snakes. Copeia. 1968b. V. 1968(1). P. 201-213. DOI: 10.2307/1441587</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B240"><label>240.</label><mixed-citation>Underwood G. The eye. Biology of the Reptilia. Gans C., Parsons T.S. (eds). New York. Academic Press, 1970. V. 2 (Morphology B). P. 1-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B241"><label>241.</label><mixed-citation>Underwood G. Reptilian retinas. Nature. 1951. V. 167(4240). P. 183-185. DOI: 10.1038/167183a0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B242"><label>242.</label><mixed-citation>Van-Eyk S.M., Siebeck U.E., Champ C.M., Marshall J., Hart N.S. Behavioural evidence for colour vision in an elasmobranch. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2011. V. 214(24). P. 4186-4192. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.061853</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B243"><label>243.</label><mixed-citation>Vinberg F., Chen J., Kefalov V.J. Regulation of calcium homeostasis in the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2018. V. 67. P. 87-101. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.06.001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B244"><label>244.</label><mixed-citation>Vorobyev M. Coloured oil droplets enhance colour discrimination. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 2003. V. 270(1521). P. 1255-1261. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2003.2381</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B245"><label>245.</label><mixed-citation>Wagner H.J., Partridge J.C., Douglas R.H. Observations on the retina and ‘optical fold’of a mesopelagic sabretooth fish, Evermanella balbo. Cell and tissue research. 2019. V. 378. P. 411-425. DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03060-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B246"><label>246.</label><mixed-citation>Wald G., Brown P.K., Smith P.H. Iodopsin. The Journal of general physiology. 1955. V. 38(5). P. 623-681. DOI: 10.1085/jgp.38.5.623</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B247"><label>247.</label><mixed-citation>Walls G.L. Ophthalmological implications for the early history of the snakes. Copeia. 1940. V. 1940(1). P. 1-8. DOI: 10.2307/1439015</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B248"><label>248.</label><mixed-citation>Walls G.L. The Reptilian Retina: I. A new concept of visual-cell evolution. American journal of ophthalmology. 1934. V. 17(10). P. 892-915. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9394(34)93309-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B249"><label>249.</label><mixed-citation>Walls G.L. The Vertebrate Eye and Its Adaptive Radiation. Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Cranbrook Institute of Science, 1942. 785 p. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.7369</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B250"><label>250.</label><mixed-citation>Walls G.L. The visual cells of lampreys. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 1935. V. 19(3). P. 129. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.19.3.129</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B251"><label>251.</label><mixed-citation>Walls G.L. Visual purple in snakes. Science. 1932. V. 75(1948). P. 467-468. DOI: 10.1126/science.75.1948.467</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B252"><label>252.</label><mixed-citation>Walls G.L., Judd H.D. The intra-ocular colour-filters of vertebrates. The British journal of ophthalmology. 1933. V. 17(11). P. 641. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.17.11.641</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B253"><label>253.</label><mixed-citation>Wan Y.C., Navarrete Méndez M.J., O’Connell L.A., Uricchio L.H., Roland A.B., Maan M.E., Ron S.R., Betancourth-Cundar M., Pie M.R., Howell K.A., Richards-Zawacki C.L., Cummings M.E., Cannatella D.C., Santos J.C., Tarvin R.D. Selection on visual opsin genes in diurnal neotropical frogs and loss of the sws2 opsin in poison frogs. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2023. V. 40(10). P. msad206. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B254"><label>254.</label><mixed-citation>Warrant E. Vision in the dimmest habitats on earth. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 2004. V. 190. P. 765-789. DOI: 10.1007/s00359-004-0546-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B255"><label>255.</label><mixed-citation>Warrington R.E., Davies W.I., Hemmi J.M., Hart N.S., Potter I.C., Collin S.P., Hunt D.M. Visual opsin expression and morphological characterization of retinal photoreceptors in the pouched lamprey (Geotria australis, Gray). Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2021. V. 529(9). P. 2265-2282. DOI: 10.1002/cne.25092</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B256"><label>256.</label><mixed-citation>Wilby D., Toomey M.B., Olsson P., Frederiksen R., Cornwall M.C., Oulton R., Kelber A., Corbo J.C., Roberts N.W. Optics of cone photoreceptors in the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2015. V. 12(111). P. 20150591. DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0591</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B257"><label>257.</label><mixed-citation>Witkovsky P., Yang C. Y., Ripps H. Properties of a blue-sensitive rod in the Xenopus retina. Vision Research. 1981. V. 21(6). P. 875-883. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(81)90188-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B258"><label>258.</label><mixed-citation>Yanagawa M., Kojima K., Yamashita T., Imamoto Y., Matsuyama T., Nakanishi K., Yamano Y., Wada A., Sako Y., Shichida Y. Origin of the low thermal isomerization rate of rhodopsin chromophore. Scientific reports. 2015. V. 5(1). P. 11081. DOI: 10.1038/srep11081</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B259"><label>259.</label><mixed-citation>Yokoyama S. Molecular Evolution of Vertebrate Visual Pigments. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 2000. V. 19(4). P. 385-419. DOI: 10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00002-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B260"><label>260.</label><mixed-citation>Yokoyama S. Evolution of dim-light and color vision pigments. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 2008. V. 9. P. 259-282. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164228</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B261"><label>261.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshida M. Some observations on the patency in the outer segments of photoreceptors of the nocturnal gecko. Vision Research. 1978. V. 18(2). P. 137-143. DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90178-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B262"><label>262.</label><mixed-citation>Young H.M., Pettigrew J.D. Cone photoreceptors lacking oil droplets in the retina of the echinda, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Monotremata). Visual Neuroscience. 1991. V. 6(5). P. 409-420. DOI: 10.1017/S0952523800001279</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B263"><label>263.</label><mixed-citation>Young R.W. The daily rhythm of shedding and degradation of rod and cone outer segment membranes in the chick retina. Investigative ophthalmology &amp; visual science. 1978. V. 17(2). P. 105-116.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B264"><label>264.</label><mixed-citation>Yovanovich C.A., Koskela S.M., Nevala N., Kondrashev S.L., Kelber A., Donner K. The dual rod system of amphibians supports colour discrimination at the absolute visual threshold. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 2017. V. 372. P. 20160066. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0066</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B265"><label>265.</label><mixed-citation>Yovanovich C.A., Pierotti M.E., Rodrigues M.T., Grant T. A dune with a view: the eyes of a neotropical fossorial lizard. Frontiers in zoology. 2019. V. 16. P. 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0310-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B266"><label>266.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang H., Yokoyama S. Molecular evolution of the rhodopsin gene of marine lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Gene. 1997. V. 191(1). P. 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00864-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B267"><label>267.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X., Wensel T.G., Kraft T.W. GTPase regulators and photoresponses in cones of the eastern chipmunk. Journal of Neuroscience. 2003. V. 23(4). P. 1287-1297. DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.23-04-01287.2003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B268"><label>268.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X., Wensel T.G., Yuan C. Tokay gecko photoreceptors achieve rod‐like physiology with cone‐like proteins. Photochemistry and photobiology. 2006. V. 82(6). P. 1452-1460. DOI: 10.1562/2006-01-05-ra-767</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B269"><label>269.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng Y., Wiens J.J. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution. 2016. V. 94. P. 537-547. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
