<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Melts</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Melts</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Расплавы</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0235-0106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5715</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">661247</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0235010623040047</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XFVRJG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF INTERMETALLIC U–Ga AND U–Cd COMPOUNDS IN MOLTEN LiCl–KCl–CsCl EUTECTIC</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Электрохимический синтез интерметаллических соединений U–Ga и U–Cd в расплавленной эвтектике LiCl–KCl–CsCl</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novoselova</surname><given-names>А. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новоселова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>alena_novoselova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smolenski</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смоленский</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>alena_novoselova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bovet</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бове</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>alena_novoselova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry UB RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт высокотемпературной электрохимии УрО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет им. первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><issue>5</issue><fpage>443</fpage><lpage>453</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, А.В. Новоселова, В.В. Смоленский, А.Л. Бове</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, А.В. Новоселова, В.В. Смоленский, А.Л. Бове</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">А.В. Новоселова, В.В. Смоленский, А.Л. Бове</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">А.В. Новоселова, В.В. Смоленский, А.Л. Бове</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0106/article/view/661247">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0235-0106/article/view/661247</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p id="idm45181324655904">The processes of cathodic reduction of U(III) ions to metal in a low–melting LiCl–KCl–CsCl eutectic at the temperature range 650–850 K on tungsten, gallium and cadmium electrodes in an inert gas atmosphere have been studied by non-stationary and stationary electrochemical methods. Reagents without contain impurities of moisture, oxygen and their compounds were used in the experiments. All major operations were performed in a dry glove box. The following methods were used to analyze the electrochemical processes: cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry and potentiometry at zero current. On cyclic voltammogram of the molten LiCl–KCl–CsCl–UCl<sub>3</sub> solution on an inert tungsten electrode, one cathode current peak corresponding to the deposition of metallic uranium and one anode current peak associated with its dissolution were recorded. It was found that the potential of the cathode peak was shifted to a region of more negative values with an increase of the scan rate. The value of the cathode peak current was directly proportional vs. the square root of the polarization rate, but this dependence does not pass through the origin. Consequently, the system of U(III)/U(0) couple was irreversible and proceeds in one stage. It was found that on square-wave voltammograms in the studied “electrochemical window” the deposition of uranium on liquid reactive gallium and cadmium electrodes was carried out at more positive values than on inert tungsten electrode. It was established that this potential shift was associated with the formation of intermetallic compounds of uranium with the material of reactive electrodes. The values of the alloy formation potentials were determined. For identification of the composition of cathode deposits, potentiostatic electrolysis was performed. By X–ray diffraction analysis, it was found that the formation of the intermetallic compounds Ga<sub>3</sub>U and Ga<sub>2</sub>U occurs on the gallium reactive electrode, and Cd<sub>11</sub>U occurs on the cadmium one. The conditions of their formation during the electrolysis of molten LiCl–KCl–CsCl–UCl<sub>3</sub> solutions were established. The reaction of the electrochemical extraction of uranium from molten LiCl–KCl–CsCl–UCl<sub>3</sub> electrolyte was investigated on liquid reactive electrodes at different duration of electrolysis. It was found that the electrochemical extraction of uranium exceeds 97% on both Ga and Cd electrodes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p id="idm45181324602432">Нестационарными и стационарными электрохимическими методами изучены процессы катодного восстановления ионов U(III) до металла в низкоплавком эвтектическом расплаве LiCl–KCl–CsCl в интервале температур 650–850 K на вольфрамовом, галлиевом и кадмиевом электродах в атмосфере инертного газа. В экспериментах использовали реактивы, не содержащие примесей влаги, кислорода и их соединений. Все основные операции проводили в сухом перчаточном боксе. Для анализа электрохимических процессов были использованы следующие методы: циклическая и квадратно-волновая вольтамперометрия, потенциометрия при нулевом токе. На циклической вольтамперограмме расплава LiCl–KCl–CsCl–UCl<sub>3</sub> на инертном вольфрамовом электроде фиксируется только один катодный пик тока, соответствующий выделению металлического урана, и один анодный пик тока, связанный с растворением урана. Установлено, что потенциал катодного пика тока смещается в область более электроотрицательных значений с увеличением скорости сканирования. Катодный пик тока прямо пропорционален корню квадратному от скорости поляризации, при этом данная зависимость не проходит через начало координат. Следовательно, система U(III)/U(0) является необратимой, и электрохимическая реакция протекает в одну стадию. На квадратно-волновых вольтамперограммах, снятых на активных галлиевом и кадмиевом электродах, в исследуемом “электрохимическом окне” наблюдается появление новых пиков тока при более электроположительных потенциалах в отличие от инертного электрода. Сдвиг потенциалов пиков тока связан с деполяризацией вследствие образования интерметаллических соединений урана с материалом активных электродов. Определены значения потенциалов сплавообразования. Для идентификации состава катодных осадков был проведен потенциостатический электролиз. Методом рентгенофазового анализа установлено, что на галлиевом электроде происходило образование интерметаллических соединений состава Ga<sub>3</sub>U и Ga<sub>2</sub>U, а на кадмиевом электроде – Cd<sub>11</sub>U. Определены условия их образования при электролизе расплава LiCl–KCl–CsCl–UCl<sub>3</sub>. Исследована реакция электрохимической экстракции урана из расплавленного электролита LiCl–KCl–CsCl–UCl<sub>3</sub> и определена его степень извлечения на жидких активных электродах при различной продолжительности электролиза. Найдено, что степень извлечения урана превышает 97% как на Ga, так и на Cd электродах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electrochemistry</kwd><kwd>molten salts</kwd><kwd>cathode processes</kwd><kwd>extraction</kwd><kwd>alloy formation</kwd><kwd>electrolysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>электрохимия</kwd><kwd>расплавы</kwd><kwd>катодные процессы</kwd><kwd>экстракция</kwd><kwd>сплавообразование</kwd><kwd>электролиз</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Chen L., Msigwa G., Yang M., Osman A.I., Fawzy S., Rooney D.W., Yap P.S. Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review // Environ. Chem. Lett. 2022. 20. P. 2277–2310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen L., Msigwa G., Yang M., Osman A.I., Fawzy S., Rooney D.W., Yap P.S. Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review // Environ. Chem. Lett. 2022. 20. P. 2277–2310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2. Sun D., Xia J. Research on road transport planning aiming at near zero carbon emissions: Taking ruicheng county as an example // Energy. 2023. 263. 125834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun D., Xia J. Research on road transport planning aiming at near zero carbon emissions: Taking ruicheng county as an example // Energy. 2023. 263. 125834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">3. Komarov V.E., Smolenski V.V., Afonichkin V.K. Perspectivy ispol’zovaniya rasplavlennykh soley v radiokhimicheskikh tekhnologiyakh [Outlook for using molten salts in radiochemical technologies] // Rasplavy. 2000. № 2. P. 59–65. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Комаров В.Е., Смоленский В.В., Афоничкин В.К. Перспективы использования расплавленных солей в радиохимических технологиях // Расплавы. 2000. № 2. С. 59–65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">4. Lebedev V.A. Izbiratelnost’ zhidkometallicheskikh electrodov v rasplavlennykh galogenidakh [Selectivity of Liquid Metal Electrodes in Molten Halide]. Chelyabinsk: Metallurgiya, 1993. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев В.А. Избирательность жидкометаллических электродов в расплавленных галогенидах. Челябинск: Металлургия, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">5. Kinoshita K., Tadafumi K., Tadashi I., Ougier M., Glatz J.P. Separation of actinides from rare earth elements by means of molten salt electrorefining with anodic dissolution of U–Pu–Zr alloy fuel // J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2005. 66. P. 619–624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kinoshita K., Tadafumi K., Tadashi I., Ougier M., Glatz J.P. Separation of actinides from rare earth elements by means of molten salt electrorefining with anodic dissolution of U–Pu–Zr alloy fuel // J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 2005. 66. P. 619–624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6. Laidler J.J., Battles J.E., Miller W.E., Ackerman J.P., Carls E.L. Development of pyroprocessing technology // Prog. Nucl. Energ. 1997. 31. P. 131–140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laidler J.J., Battles J.E., Miller W.E., Ackerman J.P., Carls E.L. Development of pyroprocessing technology // Prog. Nucl. Energ. 1997. 31. P. 131–140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7. Zhang J. Electrochemistry of actinides and fission products in molten salts-data review // J. Nucl. Mater. 2014. 447. P. 271–284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J. Electrochemistry of actinides and fission products in molten salts-data review // J. Nucl. Mater. 2014. 447. P. 271–284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">8. Kuznetsov S.A., Hayashi H., Minato K., Gaune-Escard M. Electrochemical behavior and some thermodynamic properties of UCl4 and UCl3 dissolved in a LiCl–KCl eutectic melt // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005. 152. P. C203–C212.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuznetsov S.A., Hayashi H., Minato K., Gaune-Escard M. Electrochemical behavior and some thermodynamic properties of UCl4 and UCl3 dissolved in a LiCl–KCl eutectic melt // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005. 152. P. C203–C212.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">9. Reddy B.P., Vandarkuzhali S., Subramanian T., Venkatesh P. Electrochemical studies on the redox mechanism of uranium chloride in molten LiCl–KCl eutectic // Electrochim. Acta. 2004. 49. P. 2471–2478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy B.P., Vandarkuzhali S., Subramanian T., Venkatesh P. Electrochemical studies on the redox mechanism of uranium chloride in molten LiCl–KCl eutectic // Electrochim. Acta. 2004. 49. P. 2471–2478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10. Xu M.H., Smolenski V., Liu Q., Novoselova A., Jiang K.W., Yu J., Liu J.Y., Chen R.R., Zhang H.S., Zhang M.L., Wang J. Thermodynamics, solubility and the separation of uranium from cerium in molten In/3LiCl–2KCl system // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020. 167. 136506.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu M.H., Smolenski V., Liu Q., Novoselova A., Jiang K.W., Yu J., Liu J.Y., Chen R.R., Zhang H.S., Zhang M.L., Wang J. Thermodynamics, solubility and the separation of uranium from cerium in molten In/3LiCl–2KCl system // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2020. 167. 136506.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">11. Serrano K., Taxil P. Electrochemical reduction of trivalent uranium ions in molten chlorides // J. Appl. Electrochem. 1999. 29. P. 497–503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serrano K., Taxil P. Electrochemical reduction of trivalent uranium ions in molten chlorides // J. Appl. Electrochem. 1999. 29. P. 497–503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">12. Rappleye D., Teaford K., Simpson M.F. Investigation of the effects of uranium(III)-chloride concentration on voltammetry in molten LiCl–KCl eutectic with a glass sealed tungsten electrode // Electrochim. Acta. 2016. 219. P. 721–733.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rappleye D., Teaford K., Simpson M.F., Investigation of the effects of uranium(III)-chloride concentration on voltammetry in molten LiCl–KCl eutectic with a glass sealed tungsten electrode // Electrochim. Acta. 2016. 219. P. 721–733.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">13. Gao F., Wang C., Liu L., Guo J., Chang S., Chan L., Ouyang Y. Electrode processes of uranium ions and electrodeposition of uranium in molten LiCl–KCl // J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2009. 280. P. 207–218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao F., Wang C., Liu L., Guo J., Chang S., Chan L., Ouyang Y. Electrode processes of uranium ions and electrodeposition of uranium in molten LiCl–KCl // J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2009. 280. P. 207–218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">14. Koyama T., Iizuka M., Kondo N., Fujita R., Tanaka H. Electrodeposition of uranium in stirred liquid cadmium cathode // J. Nucl. Mater. 1997. 247. P. 227–231.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koyama T., Iizuka M., Kondo N., Fujita R., Tanaka H. Electrodeposition of uranium in stirred liquid cadmium cathode // J. Nucl. Mater. 1997. 247. P. 227–231.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">15. Koyama T., Iizuka M., Shoji Y., Fujita R., Tanaka H., Kobayashi T., Tokiwai M. An experimental study of molten salt electrorefining of uranium using solid iron cathode and liquid cadmium cathode for development of pyrometallurgical reprocessing // J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 1997. 34. P. 384–393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koyama T., Iizuka M., Shoji Y., Fujita R., Tanaka H., Kobayashi T., Tokiwai M. An experimental study of molten salt electrorefining of uranium using solid iron cathode and liquid cadmium cathode for development of pyrometallurgical reprocessing // J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 1997. 34. P. 384–393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">16. Iizuka M., Koyama T., Kondo N., Fujita R., Tanaka H. Actinides recovery from molten salt/liquid metal system by electrochemical methods // J. Nucl. Mater. 2007. 247. P. 183–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iizuka M., Koyama T., Kondo N., Fujita R., Tanaka H. Actinides recovery from molten salt/liquid metal system by electrochemical methods // J. Nucl. Mater. 2007. 247. P. 183–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17. Yin T., Liu K., Liu Y.L., Yan Y.D., Wang G.L., Chai Z.F., Shi W.Q. Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Properties of Uranium on the Liquid Bismuth Electrode in LiCl–KCl Eutectic // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018. 165. P. D722–D731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yin T., Liu K., Liu Y.L., Yan Y.D., Wang G.L., Chai Z.F., Shi W.Q. Electrochemical and Thermodynamic Properties of Uranium on the Liquid Bismuth Electrode in LiCl–KCl Eutectic // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018. 165. P. D722–D731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">18. Liu K., Tang H.B., Pang J.W., Liu Y.L., Feng Y.X., Chai Z.F., Shia W.Q. Electrochemical properties of uranium on the liquid gallium electrode in LiCl–KCl eutectic // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016. 163. P. D554–D561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu K., Tang H.B., Pang J.W., Liu Y.L., Feng Y.X., Chai Z.F., Shia W.Q. Electrochemical properties of uranium on the liquid gallium electrode in LiCl–KCl eutectic // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016. 163. P. D554–D561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">19. Moriyama H., Yamana H., Nishikawa S., Miyashita Y., Moritani K., Mitsugashira T. Equilibrium distributions of actinides and lanthanides in molten chloride salt and liquid zinc binary phase system // J. Nucl. Mater. 1997. 247. P. 197–202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moriyama H., Yamana H., Nishikawa S., Miyashita Y., Moritani K., Mitsugashira T. Equilibrium distributions of actinides and lanthanides in molten chloride salt and liquid zinc binary phase system // J. Nucl. Mater.1997. 247. P. 197–202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">20. Kurata M., Sakamura Y., Matsui T. Thermodynamic quantities of actinides and rare earth elements in liquid bismuth and cadmium // J. Alloys Compd. 1996. 234. P. 83–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurata M., Sakamura Y., Matsui T. Thermodynamic quantities of actinides and rare earth elements in liquid bismuth and cadmium // J. Alloys Compd. 1996. 234. P. 83–92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">21. Zhang J., Lahti E.A., Zhou W. Thermodynamic properties of actinides and rare earth fission products in liquid cadmium // J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2015. 303. P. 1637–1648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang J., Lahti E.A., Zhou W. Thermodynamic properties of actinides and rare earth fission products in liquid cadmium // J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2015. 303. P. 1637–1648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">22. Sakamura Y., Hijikata T., Kinoshita K., Inoue T., Storvick T.S., Krueger C.L., Roy J.J., Grimmett D.L., Fusselman S.P., Gay R.L. Measurement of standard potentials of actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am) in LiCl–KCl eutectic salt and separation of actinides from rare earths by electrorefining // J. Alloys Comp. 1998. 271–273. P. 592–596.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakamura Y., Hijikata T., Kinoshita K., Inoue T., Storvick T.S., Krueger C.L., Roy J.J., Grimmett D.L., Fusselman S.P., Gay R.L. Measurement of standard potentials of actinides (U, Np, Pu, Am) in LiCl–KCl eutectic salt and separation of actinides from rare earths by electrorefining // J. Alloys Comp. 1998. 271–273. P. 592–596.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">23. Smolenski V., Novoselova A., Osipenko A., Kormilitsyn M., Luk’yanova Ya. Thermodynamics of separation of uranium from neodymium between the gallium-indium liquid alloy and the LiCl–KCl molten salt phases // Electrochim. Acta. 2014. 133. P. 354–358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smolenski V., Novoselova A., Osipenko A., Kormilitsyn M., Luk’yanova Ya. Thermodynamics of separation of uranium from neodymium between the gallium-indium liquid alloy and the LiCl–KCl molten salt phases // Electrochim. Acta. 2014. 133. P. 354–358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">24. Smolenski V., Novoselova A., Osipenko A., Maershin A. Thermodynamics and separation factor of uranium from lanthanum in liquid eutectic gallium–indium alloy/molten salt system // Electrochim. Acta. 2014. 145. P. 81–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smolenski V., Novoselova A., Osipenko A., Maershin A. Thermodynamics and separation factor of uranium from lanthanum in liquid eutectic gallium-indium alloy/molten salt system // Electrochim. Acta. 2014. 145. P. 81–85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">25. Smolenski V., Novoselova A., Volkovich V., Luk’yanova Ya., Osipenko A., Bychkov A., Griffiths T.R. The effect of Al concentration on thermodynamic properties of Nd and U in Ga–Al-based alloys and the separation factor of Nd/U couple in a “molten salt-liquid metal system” // J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2017. 311. P. 687–693.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smolenski V., Novoselova A., Volkovich V., Luk’yanova Ya., Osipenko A., Bychkov A., Griffiths T.R. The effect of Al concentration on thermodynamic properties of Nd and U in Ga–Al-based alloys and the separation factor of Nd/U couple in a “molten salt-liquid metal system” // J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2017. 311. P. 687–693.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">26. Novoselova A., Smolenski V. The influence of the temperature and Ga–In alloy composition on the separation of uranium from neodymium in molten Ga–In/3LiCl–2KCl system during the recycling of high-level waste // J. Nucl. Mater. 2018. 509. P. 313–317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novoselova A., Smolenski V. The influence of the temperature and Ga–In alloy composition on the separation of uranium from neodymium in molten Ga–In/3LiCl–2KCl system during the recycling of high-level waste // J. Nucl. Mater. 2018. 509. P. 313–317.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">27. Bard A.J., Faulkner L.R. Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications. N.Y.: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bard A.J., Faulkner L.R. Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications. N.Y.: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">28. Galus Z. Theoretical Basis of Electrochemical Analysis. Moscow: Mir, 1974.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galus Z. Theoretical Basis of Electrochemical Analysis. Moscow: Mir, 1974.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">29. ASM Binary Phase Diagrams, Software, ASM International, Copyright USA (1996). ISBN 0-87170-562-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ASM Binary Phase Diagrams, Software, ASM International, Copyright USA (1996). ISBN 0-87170-562-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
