<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство и гинекология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0300-9092</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">247715</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/aig.2016.7.60-66</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Association of cumulus cell gene expression with embryological indicators in assisted reproductive technology programs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ассоциация экспрессии генов в кумулюсных клетках c эмбриологическими показателями в программах вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safronova</surname><given-names>Natalia Aleksandrovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафронова</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., postgraduate of the department of assisted reproductive technology in infertility treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант отделения вспомогательных технологий в лечении бесплодия</p></bio><email>safrochik900@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>Elena Anatolievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D, Ph.D, The Head of the department of assisted reproductive technology in infertility treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., руководитель отделения вспомогательных технологий в лечении бесплодия</p></bio><email>e_kalinina@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Donnikov</surname><given-names>Andrew Evgenievich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Донников</surname><given-names>Андрей Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher of molecular-genetical laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с. сотрудник лаборатории молекулярно-генетических методов</p></bio><email>a_donnikov@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burmenskaya</surname><given-names>Olga Vladimirovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бурменская</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., Researcher of molecular-genetical laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., с.н.с. лаборатории молекулярно-генетических методов</p></bio><email>o_bourmenskaya@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>Natalia Petrovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Наталья Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher of the department of assisted reproductive technology in infertility treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник отделения вспомогательных технологий в лечении бесплодия</p></bio><email>np.makarova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zobova</surname><given-names>Anastasia Valerievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зобова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher of the department of assisted reproductive technology in infertility treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., научный сотрудник отделения вспомогательных технологий в лечении бесплодия</p></bio><email>zoana20ll@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alieva</surname><given-names>Kamila Ullubievna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиева</surname><given-names>Камила Уллубиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher of the department of assisted reproductive technology in infertility treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., научный сотрудник отделения вспомогательных технологий в лечении бесплодия</p></bio><email>k_alieva@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorshinova</surname><given-names>Victoria Konstantinovna</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горшинова</surname><given-names>Виктория Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.D., postgraduate of the department of assisted reproductive technology in infertility treatment</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант отделения вспомогательных технологий в лечении бесплодия</p></bio><email>chiasma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trofimov</surname><given-names>Dmitrii Yurievich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трофимов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D., The Head of molecular-genetical laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, д.б.н., зав. лабораторией молекулярно-генетических методов</p></bio><email>d_trofimov@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sukhikh</surname><given-names>Gennadii Tikhonovich</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сухих</surname><given-names>Геннадий Тихонович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, директор</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ НЦАГиП им. академика В.И. Кулакова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-07-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO7 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№7 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>60</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-02-18"><day>18</day><month>02</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/247715">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/247715</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. To search for molecular genetic markers to assess the quality of oocytes and embryos with a high potential for development in order to enhance the efficiency of infertility treatment using assisted reproductive technologies. Subjects and methods. The investigation analyzed 89 cumulus cell samples from 39 patients who had undergone an in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) program. In terms of their quality, the obtained embryos were divided into 3 groups according to morphological quality assessment: 1) good-quality embryos (51 samples); 2) satisfactory-quality embryos (n = 19); 3) poor-quality embryos (n = 19). Real-time RT-PCR was used to estimate the cumulus cell mRNA expression in 7 genes: hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2), prostaglandin synthase 2 (PTFS2), gremlin 1 (GREM1), versican (VCAN), amphiregulin (AREG), inositol-triphosphate 3-kinase A (ITPKA), and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecules (ALCAM or CD166). Results. A relationship was found between the expression levels of the CD 166 (ALCAM) gene and the indicators of embryo quality. This relationship was revealed when comparing good- and poor-quality embryos (p = 0.008). At the same time, there were no statistically significant differences between the quality of transferred embryos and the rate of clinical pregnancy (p = 0.856). Conclusion. The ALCAM gene may be a potential predictor for assessing the quality of embryos according to the morphological assessment criteria. Further investigation of the cumulus cell gene expression will assist in identifying potential biomarkers to assess the quality of oocytes and embryos and thus it will be able to further optimize the choice of transferred embryos and so to enhance the efficiency of IVF programs as a whole.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель исследования. Поиск молекулярно-генетических маркеров для оценки качества ооцитов, эмбрионов с высоким потенциалом к развитию с целью повышения эффективности лечения бесплодия с помощью методов ВРТ. Материал и методы. В ходе проведенного исследования были проанализированы 89 образцов кумулюсных клеток от 39 пациенток, проходивших программу ЭКО (ИКСИ). Полученные эмбрионы были разделены на 3 группы в зависимости от морфологической оценки качества эмбрионов. I группа - эмбрионы хорошего качества (51 образец), II группа - эмбрионы удовлетворительного качества (19 образцов), III группа - эмбрионы неудовлетворительного качества (19 образцов). Был исследован уровень экспрессии мРНК 7 генов в кумулюсных клетках методом ОТ-ПЦР в режиме реального времени: гиалуронан-синтетазы-2 (HAS2), простагландина синтетазы-2 (PTGS2), гена гремлина (GREM1), версикана (VCAN), амфирегулина (AREG), инозитол-трифосфат-3-киназы-А (ITPKA), молекулы клеточной адгезии активированных лейкоцитов (ALCAM или CD166). Результаты. Выявлена взаимосвязь уровня экспрессии гена CD 166 (ALCAM) и показателей качества эмбрионов. Данная взаимосвязь выявлена при сравнении эмбрионов хорошего и плохого качества (р=0,008). При этом не было выявлено статистически значимых различий между качеством перенесенных эмбрионов и показателем наступления клинической беременности (p=0,856). Заключение. Ген ALCAM может являться потенциальным предиктором оценки качества эмбрионов согласно морфологическим критериям оценки. Дальнейшее изучение экспрессии генов в кумулюсных клетках поможет идентифицировать потенциальные биомаркеры для оценки качества ооцитов, эмбрионов и, таким образом, позволит в дальнейшем оптимизировать выбор переносимых эмбрионов и тем самым повысить результативность программ ЭКО в целом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infertility</kwd><kwd>cumulus cells</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>in vitro fertilization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бесплодие</kwd><kwd>кумулюсные клетки</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>экстракорпоральное оплодотворение</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gearhart J., Coutifaris C. In vitro fertilization, the Nobel Prize, and human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2011; 8(1): 12-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>HFEA. Fertility Facts and Figures 2008. Hum. Fertil. Embryol. Auth.; 2010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Эбзеева М.В., Калинина Е.А., Кузьмичев Л.Н. Современные подходы к стимуляции суперовуляции в программах ВРТ. Проблемы репродукции. 2009; 16(4): 47-9. [Ebzeeva M.V., Kalinina E.A., Kuzmichev L.N. Modern approaches to superovulation in assisted reproduction programs. Problemyi reproduktsii. 2009; 16(4): 47-9. (in Russian)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Калинина Е.А., Донников А.Е., Владимирова И.В. Молекулярно-генетические предикторы овариального ответа, качества ооцитов и эмбрионов в программах вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий. Акушерство и гинекология. 2015; 3: 21-5. [Kalinina E.A., Donnikov A.E., Vladimirova I.V. Molecular genetic predictors of ovarian response, oocyte and embryo qualities in assisted reproductive technology programs. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya/Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2015; (3): 21-5. (in Russian)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Смольникова В.Ю., Калинина Е.А., Краснощока О.Е., Донников А.Е., Бурменская О.В., Трофимов Д.Ю., Сухих Г.Т. Возможности неинвазивной оценки состояния ооцита и эмбриона при проведении программ ВРТ по профилю экспрессии мРНК факторов роста в фолликулярной жидкости. Акушерство и гинекология. 2014; 9: 36-43. [Smolnikova V.Yu., Kalinina E.A., Krasnoshchoka O.E., Donnikov A.E., Burmenskaya O.E., Trofimov D.Yu., Sukhikh G.T. Possibilities for noninvasive oocyte and embryo evaluation when implementing assisted reproductive technology programs for follicular-fluid growth factor mRNA expression. Akusherstvo i ginekologiya/ Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014; (9): 36-43. (in Russian)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bromer J.G., Seli E. Assessment of embryo viability in assisted reproductive technology: shortcomings of current approaches and the emerging role of metabolomics. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008; 20(3): 234-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Gilchrist R.B., Lane M., Thompson J.G. Oocyte-secreted factors: regulators of cumulus cell function and oocyte quality. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2008; 14(2): 159-77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Albertini D.F., Combelles C.M., Benecchi E., Carabatsos M.J. Cellular basis for paracrine regulation of ovarian follicle development. Reproduction. 2001; 121(5): 647-53.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Knight P.G., Glister C. TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development. Reproduction. 2006; 132(2): 191-206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and ESHRE Special Interest Group of Embryology.The Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: proceedings of an expert meeting. Hum. Reprod. 2011; 26(6): 1270-83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Adriaenssens T., Segers I., Wathlet S., Smitz J. The cumulus cell gene expression profile of oocytes with different nuclear maturity and potential for blastocyst formation. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2011; 28(1): 31-40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Alfarawati S., Fragouli E., Colls P., Stevens J., Gutiérrez-Mateo C., Schoolcraft W.B. et al. The relationship between blastocyst morphology, chromosomal abnormality, and embryo gender. Fertil. Steril. 2011; 95(2): 520-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Громенко Ю.Ю., Исхаков И.Р. Влияние факторов оценки качества перенесенных эмбрионов на прогнозирование частоты наступления беременности в программах экстракорпорального оплодотворения. Медицинский вестник Башкортостана. 2012; 7(2): 27-30. [Gromenko Yu.Yu., Ishakov I.R. The impact of quality assessment factors in the prediction of the transferred embryo pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilization programs. Meditsinskiy vestnik Bashkortostana. 2012; 7(2): 27-30. (in Russian)]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Binelli M., Murphy B.D. Coordinated regulation of follicle development by germ and somatic cells. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2010; 22(1): 1-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Huang Z., Wells D. The human oocyte and cumulus cells relationship: new insights from the cumulus cell transcriptome. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2010; 16(10): 715-25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kulasingam V., Zheng Y., Soosaipillai A., Leon A.E., Gion M., Diamandis E.P. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule: a novel biomarker for breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2009; 125(1): 9-14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hernandez-Gonzalez I., Gonzalez-Robayna I., Shimada M., Wayne C.M., Ochsner S.A., White L., Richards J.S. Gene expression profiles of cumulus cell oocyte complexes during ovulation reveal cumulus cells express neuronal and immune-related genes: does this expand their role in the ovulation process? Mol. Endocrinol. 2006; 20(6): 1300-21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Jin R., Yang G., Li G. Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: role of inflammatory cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2010; 87(5): 779-89.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Matsumoto H., Ma W.G., Daikoku T., Zhao X., Paria B.C., Das S.K. et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 differentially directs uterine angiogenesis during implantation in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277(32): 29260-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Wathlet S., Adriaenssens T., Segers I., Verheyen G., Van de Velde H., Coucke W. et al. Cumulus cell gene expression predicts better cleavage-stage embryo or blastocyst development and pregnancy for ICSI patients. Hum. Reprod. 2011; 26(5): 1035-51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Zamah A.M., Hsieh M., Chen J., Vigne J.L., Rosen M.P., Cedars M.I., Conti M. Human oocyte maturation is dependent on LH-stimulated accumulation of the epidermal growth factor-like growth factor, amphiregulin. Hum. Reprod. 2010; 25(10): 2569-78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Peng X.R., Hsueh A.J., LaPolt P.S., Bjersing L., Ny T. Localization of luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in ovarian cell types during follicle development and ovulation. Endocrinology. 1991; 129(6): 3200-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Li Q., Jimenez-Krassel F., Ireland J.J., Smith G.W.Gene expression profiling of bovine preovulatory follicles: gonadotropin surge and prostanoid-dependent up-regulation of genes potentially linked to the ovulatory process. Reproduction. 2009; 137(2): 297-307.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Jamnongjit M., Gill A., Hammes S.R. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling is required for normal ovarian steroidogenesis and oocyte maturation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005; 102(45): 16257-62.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Shimada M., Hernandez-Gonzalez I., Gonzalez-Robayna I., Richards J.S. Paracrine and autocrine regulation of epidermal growth factor-like factors in cumulus oocyte complexes and granulosa cells: key roles for prostaglandin synthase 2 and progesterone receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 2006; 20(6): 1352-65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Arosh J.A., Banu S.K., Chapdelaine P., Fortier M.A. Temporal and tissue-specific expression of prostaglandin receptors EP2, EP3, EP4, FP, and cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in uterus and fetal membranes during bovine pregnancy. Endocrinology. 2004; 145(1): 407-17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>McKenzie L.J., Pangas S.A., Carson S.A., Kovanci E., Cisneros P., Buster J.E. et al. Human cumulus granulosa cell gene expression: a predictor of fertilization and embryo selection in women undergoing IVF. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19(12): 2869-74.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Feuerstein P., Cadoret V., Dalbies-Tran R., Guerif F., Bidault R., Royere D. Gene expression in human cumulus cells: one approach to oocyte competence. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22(12): 3069-77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Marei W.F.A., Salavati M., Fouladi-Nashta A.A. Critical role of hyaluronidase-2 during preimplantation embryo development. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2013; 19(9): 590-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Alaniz L., Rizzo M., Garcia M.G., Piccioni F., Aquino J.B., Malvicini M. et al. Low molecular weight hyaluronan preconditioning of tumor-pulsed dendritic cells increases their migratory ability and induces immunity against murine colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 2011; 60(10): 1383-95.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X., Jafari N., Barnes R.B., Confino E., Milad M., Kazer R.R. Studies of gene expression in human cumulus cells indicate pentraxin 3 as a possible marker for oocyte quality. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 83(Suppl. 1): 1169-79.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Sathyan S., Koshy L.V., Balan S., Easwer H.V., Premkumar S., Nair S. et al. Association of Versican (VCAN) gene polymorphisms rs251124 and rs2287926 (G428D), with intracranial aneurysm. Meta Gene. 2014; 2: 651-60.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>LaPierre D.P., Lee D.Y., Li S.Z., Xie Y.Z., Zhong L., Sheng W. et al. The ability of versican to simultaneously cause apoptotic resistance and sensitivity. Cancer Res. 2007; 67(10): 4742-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Pangas S.A., Jorgez C.J., Matzuk M.M. Growth differentiation factor 9 regulates expression of the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279(31): 32281-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson R.A., Sciorio R., Kinnell H., Bayne R.A., Thong K.J., de Sousa P.A., Pickering S. Cumulus gene expression as a predictor of human oocyte fertilisation, embryo development and competence to establish a pregnancy. Reproduction. 2009; 138(4): 629-37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Prevarskaya N., Skryma R., Shuba Y. Calcium in tumour metastasis: new roles for known actors. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2011; 11(8): 609-18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Cillo F., Brevini T.A., Antonini S., Paffoni A., Ragni G., Gandolfi F. Association between human oocyte developmental and expression levels of some cumulus genes. Reproduction. 2007; 134(5): 645-50.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
