<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство и гинекология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0300-9092</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">631617</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/aig.2023.308</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Uterine fibroids: does the current paradigm of treatment require modernization?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Миома матки: требует ли нынешняя парадигма лечения модернизации?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-838X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levakov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леваков</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, N.V. Sklifosovsky ICM</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой акушерства и гинекологии ИКМ им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>levakoff@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-5673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaviladze</surname><given-names>Mariami G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кавиладзе</surname><given-names>Мариами Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, Teaching Assistant of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, N.V. Sklifosovsky ICM</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры акушерства и гинекологии ИКМ им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>mariam-kaviladze@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6967-7497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseynova</surname><given-names>Shirin T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусейнова</surname><given-names>Ширин Тариэловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student of N.V. Sklifosovsky ICM</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент ИКМ им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>guseinova.shirin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-03"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-03"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/631617">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/631617</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Uterine fibroids are common monoclonal tumors of the uterus. Fibroids have components of both smooth muscle and fibroblasts, in addition to a significant amount of fibrous extracellular matrix, and all of them contribute to the pathogenetic process. Fibroids are extremely heterogeneous in their pathophysiology, size, localization and clinical symptoms. They partially refer to a number of diseases, which have aspects of malignant behavior in some cases, but are generally benign. The risk factor for fibroids is associated with race: black women have a higher risk of developing fibroids at an earlier age than white patients, and they also have more severe forms of the disease. In clinical practice, one-third to one-half of all hysterectomies are performed due to fibroids; there is also a significant morbidity and increased health care costs for women of reproductive age. In fact, modern treatment of uterine fibroids includes mainly surgical and interventional methods: about three quarters of all methods of fibroid treatment are hysterectomies. However, there are clinical innovations in the use of progesterone receptor modulators as drug therapy. To date, the information about the genetic subgroup that leads to the formation of fibroids is quite relevant; it can contribute to further understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of this disease and lead to individual treatment. This information is extremely important, as currently there is no high-quality evidence which can be used to base therapeutic decisions.</p> <p>Conclusion. The prospects for the clinical treatment of uterine fibroids should change dramatically in the next decade, therefore, the current paradigm of treatment requires modernization. The direction for further research is clear: it is necessary to move towards determining predictors of the fibroid prognosis and developing individual therapy, which can be followed by early intervention, as well as strategies for primary and secondary prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Миома является распространенной моноклональной опухолью матки. Миомы имеют как компоненты гладкой мускулатуры, так и фибробласты в дополнение к значительному количеству фиброзного внеклеточного матрикса, и все они вносят свой вклад в патогенетический процесс. Миомы крайне неоднородны по своей патофизиологии, размеру, локализации и клинической симптоматике. Они также являются «частью» ряда заболеваний, некоторые варианты течения которых имеют аспекты злокачественного поведения, но в целом являются доброкачественными. Риск развития миомы ассоциирован с расой: чернокожие женщины имеют более высокий риск развития миомы в более раннем возрасте, чем белые пациенты, а также более тяжелые формы заболевания. В клинической практике миомы являются причиной проведения от одной трети до половины всех гистерэктомий и связаны со значительной заболеваемостью и затратами на здравоохранение для женщин репродуктивного возраста. Действительно, современные методы лечения миомы матки включают в основном хирургические и интервенционные: примерно три четверти всех методов лечения миомы – это гистерэктомии. Однако появляются клинические инновации в использовании модуляторов рецепторов прогестерона в качестве медикаментозной терапии. Нужно отметить, что на сегодняшний день довольно актуальна информация о генетической подгруппе, которая приводит к образованию миомы, что может способствовать дальнейшему пониманию клинической гетерогенности этого заболевания и привести к индивидуальному лечению. Эта информация крайне важна, учитывая отсутствие в настоящее время высококачественных доказательств, на которых можно основывать терапевтические решения.</p> <p>Заключение: Перспективы клинического лечения миомы матки должны заметно измениться в ближайшее десятилетие, поскольку нынешняя парадигма лечения требует модернизации. Вектор для дальнейших исследований ясен: необходимо двигаться в направлении определения предикторов прогноза миомы и разработки индивидуальной терапии, за которой может последовать раннее вмешательство, а также стратегии первичной и вторичной профилактики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>uterine fibroids</kwd><kwd>hysteroscopy</kwd><kwd>hysteroresectoscopy</kwd><kwd>uterine artery embolization</kwd><kwd>laparoscopy</kwd><kwd>laparotomy</kwd><kwd>conservative myomectomy</kwd><kwd>hysterectomy</kwd><kwd>FUS-MRI</kwd><kwd>fertility</kwd><kwd>reproductive function</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миома матки</kwd><kwd>гистероскопия</kwd><kwd>гистерорезектоскопия</kwd><kwd>эмболизация маточных артерий</kwd><kwd>лапароскопия</kwd><kwd>лапаротомия</kwd><kwd>консервативная миомэктомия</kwd><kwd>экстирпация матки</kwd><kwd>ФУЗ-МРТ</kwd><kwd>фертильность</kwd><kwd>репродуктивная функция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Stewart E.A. Uterine fibroids. The complete guide. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2007. 223p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Merrill R.M. Hysterectomy surveillance in the United States, 1997 through 2005. Med. Sci. Monit. 2008; 14(1): CR24-31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Borah B.J., Laughlin-Tommaso S.K., Myers E.R., Yao X., Stewart E.A. Association between patient characteristics and treatment procedure among patients with uterine leiomyomas. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016; 127(1): 67-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Cardozo E.R., Clark A.D., Banks N.K., Henne M.B., Stegmann B.J., Segars J.H. The estimated annual cost of uterine leiomyomata in the United States. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012; 206(3): 211.e1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajog.2011.12.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Peddada S.D., Laughlin S.K., Miner K., Guyon J.P., Haneke K., Vahdat H.L. et al. Growth of uterine leiomyomata among premenopausal black and white women. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. US A. 2008; 105(50): 19887-92. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0808188105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Stewart E.A., Nowak R.A. Leiomyoma-related bleeding: a classic hypothesis updated for the molecular era. Hum. Reprod. Update. 1996; 2(4): 295-306. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/2.4.295.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Леваков С.А., Буданов П.В., Зайратьянц О.В., Мовтаева Х.Р., Азадова Г.Я., Левакова С.Е. Персонифицированный подход к ведению пациенток с миомой матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2019; 12: 174-82. [LevakovS.A., Budanov P.V., Zairatyants O.V., Movtaeva Kh.R., Azadova G.Ya., Levakova S.E. A personalized approach to managing patients with uterine fibroids.. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019; (12): 174-82. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2019.12.174-182.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Baird D.D., Dunson D.B., Hill M.C., Cousins D., Schectman J.M. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2003; 188(1): 100-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mob.2003.99.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Marshall L.M., Spiegelman D., Barbieri R.L., Goldman M.B., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A. et al. Variation in the incidence of uterine leiomyoma among premenopausal women by age and race. Obstet. Gynecol. 1997; 90(6): 967-73. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00534-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Downes E., Sikirica V., Gilabert-Estelles J., Bolge S.C., Dodd S.L., Maroulis C. et al. The burden of uterine fibroids in five European countries. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2010; 152(1): 96-102. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ejogrb.2010.05.012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Borah B.J., Nicholson W.K., Bradley L., Stewart E.A. The impact of uterine leiomyomas: a national survey of affected women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013; 209(4): 319.e1-e20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.07.017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Laughlin S.K., Baird D.D., Savitz D.A., Herring A.H., Hartmann K.E. Prevalence of uterine leiomyomas in the first trimester of pregnancy: an ultrasound-screening study. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009; 113(3): 630-5. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318197bbaf.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Marsh E.E., Ekpo G.E., Cardozo E.R., Brocks M., Dune T., Cohen L.S. Racial differences in fibroid prevalence and ultrasound findings in asymptomatic young women (18-30 years old): a pilot study. Fertil. Steril. 2013; 99(7): 1951-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.02.017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Selo-Ojeme D., Lawal O., Shah J., Mandal R., Pathak S., Selo-Ojeme U. et al. The incidence of uterine leiomyoma and other pelvic ultrasonographic findings in 2,034 consecutive women in a north London hospital. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2008; 28(4): 421-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443610802149863.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Myers S.L., Baird D.D., Olshan A.F., Herring A.H., Schroeder J.C., Nylander-French L.A. et al. Self-report versus ultrasound measurement of uterine fibroid status. J. Womens Health (Larchmt). 2012; 21(3): 285-93. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1089/jwh.2011.3008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Wechter M.E., Stewart E.A., Myers E.R., Kho R.M., Wu J.M. Leiomyoma-related hospitalization and surgery: prevalence and predicted growth based on population trends. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2011; 205(5): 492.e1-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2011.07.008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Butt J.L., Jeffery S.T., Van der Spuy Z.M. An audit of indications and complications associated with elective hysterectomy at a public service hospital in South Africa. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2012; 116(2): 112-6. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.09.026.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Qi L., Nassir R., Kosoy R., Garcia L., Waetjen L.E., Ochs-Balcom H.M. et al. Relationship between hysterectomy and admixture in African American women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013; 208(4): 279.e1-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.ajog.2013.01.027.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Wise L.A., Ruiz-Narvaez E.A., Palmer J.R., Cozier Y.C., Tandon A., Patterson N. et al. African ancestry and genetic risk for uterine leiomyomata. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2012; 176(12): 1159-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws276.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Laughlin S.K., Herring A.H., Savitz D.A., Olshan A.F., Fielding J.R., Hartmann K.E. et al. Pregnancy-related fibroid reduction. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 94(6): 2421-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.03.035.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Huyck K.L., Panhuysen C.I., Cuenco K.T., Zhang J., Goldhammer H., Jones E.S. et al. The impact of race as a risk factor for symptom severity and age at diagnosis of uterine leiomyomata among affected sisters. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008; 198(2): 168.e1-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.05.038.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Baird D.D., Newbold R. Prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with uterine leiomyoma development. Reprod. Toxicol. 2005; 20(1): 81-4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.01.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Тоноян Н.М., Козаченко И.Ф., Асатурова А.В., Кометова В.В., Магнаева А.С., Теврюкова Н.С., Франкевич В.Е., Адамян Л.В. Иммуногистохимические маркеры рецидивирования миомы матки. Акушерство и гинекология. 2022; 4: 123-31. [Tonoyan N.M., Kozachenko I.F., Asaturova A.V., Kometova V.V., Magnaeva A.S., Tevryukova N.S., Frankevich V.E., Adamyan L.V. Immunohistochemical markers of uterine myoma recurrence. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2022; (4): 123-31. (in Russian)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2022.4.123-131.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Wise L.A., Palmer J.R., Harlow B.L., Spiegelman D., Stewart E.A., Adams-Campbell L.L. et al. Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception, and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004; 159(2): 113-23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Marshall L.M., Spiegelman D., Goldman M.B., Manson J.E., Colditz G.A., Barbieri R.L. et al. A prospective study of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in relation to the risk of uterine leiomyomata. Fertil. Steril. 1998; 70(3): 432-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(98)00208-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Wise L.A., Radin R.G., Palmer J.R., Kumanyika S.K., Boggs D.A., Rosenberg L. Intake of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids in relation to risk of uterine leiomyomata. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011; 94(6): 1620-31. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.3945/ajcn.111.016600.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Wise L.A., Radin R.G., Palmer J.R., Kumanyika S.K., Rosenberg L. A prospective study of dairy intake and risk of uterine leiomyomata. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2010; 171(2): 221-32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp355.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Nesby-O'Dell S., Scanlon K.S., Cogswell M.E., Gillespie C., Hollis B.W., Looker A.C. et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002; 76(1): 187-92. https://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.187.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Eggemoen Å.R., Falk R.S., Knutsen K.V., Lagerløv P., Sletner L., Birkeland K.I. et al. Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation in pregnancy in a multiethnic population-based cohort. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016; 16: 7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0796-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Baird D.D., Hill M.C., Schectman J.M., Hollis B.W. Vitamin d and the risk of uterine fibroids. Epidemiology. 2013; 24(3): 447-53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31828acca0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Laughlin S.K., Schroeder J.C., Baird D.D. New directions in the epidemiology of uterine fibroids. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2010; 28(3): 204-17. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0030-1251477.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Faerstein E., Szklo M., Rosenshein N. Risk factors for uterine leiomyoma: a practice-based case-control study. I. African-American heritage, reproductive history, body size, and smoking. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2001; 153(1): 1-10. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.1.1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Moore K.R., Smith J.S., Laughlin-Tommaso S.K., Baird D.D. Cervical neoplasia-related factors and decreased prevalence of uterine fibroids among a cohort of African American women. Fertil. Steril. 2014; 101(1): 208-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Bulun S.E. Uterine fibroids. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369(14): 1344-55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1209993.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Ono M., Yin P., Navarro A., Moravek M.B., Coon J.S. 5th, Druschitz S.A. et al. Paracrine activation of WNT/β-catenin pathway in uterine leiomyoma stem cells promotes tumor growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 2013; 110(42): 17053-8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313650110.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou S., Yi T., Liu R., Bian C., Qi X., He X. et al. Proteomics identification of annexin A2 as a key mediator in the metastasis and proangiogenesis of endometrial cells in human adenomyosis. Mol. Cell Proteomics. 2012; 11(7): M112.017988. https://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M112.017988.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Holdsworth-Carson S.J., Zaitseva M., Vollenhoven B.J., Rogers P.A. Clonality of smooth muscle and fibroblast cell populations isolated from human fibroid and myometrial tissues. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2014; 20(3): 250-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gat083.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Holdsworth-Carson S.J., Zaitseva M., Girling J.E., Vollenhoven B.J., Rogers P.A. Common fibroid-associated genes are differentially expressed in phenotypically dissimilar cell populations isolated from within human fibroids and myometrium. Reproduction. 2014; 147(5): 683-92. https://dx.doi.org/10.1530/REP-13-0580.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Leppert P., Baginski T., Prupas C., Catherino W.H., Pletcher S., Segars J.H. Comparative ultrastructure of collagen fibrils in uterine leiomyomas and normal myometrium. Fertil. Steril. 2004; 82 Suppl. 3(0 3): 1182-7. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.04.030.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Rogers R., Norian J., Malik M., Christman G., Abu-Asab M., Chen F. et al. Mechanical homeostasis is altered in uterine leiomyoma. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008; 198(4): 474.e1-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.057.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Ono M., Qiang W., Serna V.A., Yin P., Coon J.S. 5th, Navarro A. et al. Role of stem cells in human uterine leiomyoma growth. PLoS One. 2012; 7(5): e36935. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036935.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Koumas L., King A.E., Critchley H.O., Kelly R.W., Phipps R.P. Fibroblast heterogeneity: existence of functionally distinct Thy 1(+) and Thy 1(-) human female reproductive tract fibroblasts. Am. J. Pathol. 2001; 159(3): 925-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)61768-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Mehine M., Kaasinen E., Mäkinen N., Katainen R., Kämpjärvi K., Pitkänen E. et al. Characterization of uterine leiomyomas by whole-genome sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 369(1): 43-53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1302736.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Mehine M., Mäkinen N., Heinonen H.R., Aaltonen L.A., Vahteristo P. Genomics of uterine leiomyomas: insights from high-throughput sequencing. Fertil. Steril. 2014; 102(3): 621-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.050.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Mäkinen N., Mehine M., Tolvanen J., Kaasinen E., Li Y., Lehtonen H.J. et al. MED12, the mediator complex subunit 12 gene, is mutated at high frequency in uterine leiomyomas. Science. 2011; 334(6053): 252-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1208930.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Halder S.K., Laknaur A., Miller J., Layman L.C., Diamond M., Al-Hendy A. Novel MED12 gene somatic mutations in women from the Southern United States with symptomatic uterine fibroids. Mol. Genet. Genomics. 2015; 290(2): 505-11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-014-0938-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Borggrefe T., Yue X. Interactions between subunits of the Mediator complex with gene-specific transcription factors. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2011; 22(7): 759-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Turunen M., Spaeth J.M., Keskitalo S., Park M.J., Kivioja T., Clark A.D. et al. Uterine leiomyoma-linked MED12 mutations disrupt mediator-associated CDK activity. Cell Rep. 2014; 7(3): 654-60. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.celrep.2014.03.047.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Markowski D.N., Bartnitzke S., Löning T., Drieschner N., Helmke B.M., Bullerdiek J. MED12 mutations in uterine fibroids--their relationship to cytogenetic subgroups. Int. J. Cancer. 2012; 131(7): 1528-36. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/ijc.27424.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Pérot G., Croce S., Ribeiro A., Lagarde P., Velasco V., Neuville A. et al. MED12 alterations in both human benign and malignant uterine soft tissue tumors. PLoS One. 2012; 7(6): e40015. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0040015.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
