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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство и гинекология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0300-9092</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">687063</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/aig.2025.96</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Obstetric aspects of gestational diabetes mellitus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерские аспекты гестационного сахарного диабета</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8159-3714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khodzhaeva</surname><given-names>Zulfiуa S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ходжаева</surname><given-names>Зульфия Сагдуллаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Professor, Deputy Director for Research of the Institute of Obstetrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, заместитель директора по научной работе Института акушерства</p></bio><email>zkhodjaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-4366</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muminova</surname><given-names>Kamilla T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муминова</surname><given-names>Камилла Тимуровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Researcher at the 1st Department of Pregnancy Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., н.с. 1-го акушерского отделения патологии беременных</p></bio><email>kamika91@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2225-2469</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeeva</surname><given-names>Anna M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеева</surname><given-names>Анна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>student, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow Scientific and Educational Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студентка факультета фундаментальной медицины Московского научно-образовательного института</p></bio><email>a_avdeeva@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8960-4829</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Limonova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лимонова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student at the 1st Department of Pregnancy Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант 1-го акушерского отделения патологии беременных</p></bio><email>limoninskay@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6140-1930</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yarygina</surname><given-names>Tamara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярыгина</surname><given-names>Тамара Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Ultrasound Diagnostics Department, Academician V.I. Krasnopolsky Moscow Regional Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Researcher at the Perinatal Cardiology Center, A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., руководитель отделения ультразвуковой диагностики, МОНИИАГ им. акад. В.И. Краснопольского; н.с. Перинатального кардиологического центра, НМИЦ ССХ им. А.Н. Бакулева Минздрава России</p></bio><email>tamarayarygina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Centre for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician V.I. Krasnopolsky Moscow Regional Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский институт акушерства и гинекологии имени академика В.И. Краснопольского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Научный медицинский исследовательский центр сердечно-сосудистой хирургии имени А.Н. Бакулева» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/687063">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/687063</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy affecting 84% of women with hyperglycemia. Its development is associated with insulin resistance that increases by the middle of the second trimester and peaks in the third trimester of pregnancy. Metabolic imprinting is a critical phenomenon in GDM, which occurs when maternal hyperglycemia causes persistent metabolic changes in the fetus. GDM is associated with a high risk of congenital fetal anomalies (especially congenital heart defects), macrosomia and diabetic fetopathy, which require dynamic qualified ultrasound and Doppler examination. The results of the studies, as well as the high incidence of obesity, indicate the need to change the timing of the oral glucose tolerance test from the traditional (24–28 weeks) to earlier period (middle of the second trimester). When choosing hormone therapy for women with gestational diabetes, who are at risk of miscarriage or preterm birth, it is recommended to prefer micronized progesterone. Unlike synthetic progestins such as 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, micronized progesterone does not decrease insulin resistance and has additional benefits, namely anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> GDM is not only a problem of the gestational period, it signiﬁcantly increases the risk of long-term metabolic disorders in mother and child. When it is necessary to prescribe progestogens to patients with GDM, micronized progesterone is considered a preferable option, as its effect on the glycemic profile is less severe.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гестационный сахарный диабет (ГСД) – распространенное осложнение беременности, частота которого составляет 84% всех случаев гипергликемии. Его развитие связано с инсулинорезистентностью, возрастающей к середине II и достигающей пика в III триместре беременности. При ГСД критическое значение имеет феномен метаболического импринтинга, когда материнская гипергликемия вызывает стойкие изменения обмена веществ у плода. ГСД ассоциирован с высоким риском врожденных аномалий плода (особенно врожденных пороков сердца), макросомии и диабетической фетопатии, которые требуют динамического квалифицированного УЗИ и УЗ-допплеровского исследования. Результаты исследований, а также высокая частота ожирения свидетельствуют о целесообразности смещения сроков проведения перорального глюкозотолерантного теста с традиционных (24–28 недель) на более ранние (середина II триместра). При выборе гормональной терапии при угрозе прерывания беременности пациенткам с ГСД предпочтение следует отдавать микронизированному прогестерону, который, в отличие от синтетических прогестинов (таких, как 17-оксипрогестерона капронат и др.), не усугубляет инсулинорезистентность, обладает, в том числе, противовоспалительным и нейропротективным эффектами.</p> <p><bold>Заключение: </bold>ГСД является проблемой не только гестационного периода, это значимый фактор долгосрочных метаболических нарушений у матери и ребенка. При необходимости назначения прогестагенов пациенткам с ГСД микронизированный прогестерон рассматривается как более предпочтительный вариант, поскольку его влияние на гликемический профиль менее выражено.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)</kwd><kwd>insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>diabetic fetopathy</kwd><kwd>micronized progesterone</kwd><kwd>oral glucose tolerance test</kwd><kwd>metabolic imprinting</kwd><kwd>placental hormones</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гестационный сахарный диабет (ГСД)</kwd><kwd>инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>диабетическая фетопатия</kwd><kwd>микронизированный прогестерон</kwd><kwd>пероральный глюкозотолерантный тест</kwd><kwd>метаболический импринтинг</kwd><kwd>плацентарные гормоны</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This article was prepared with the support of the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 24-64-00006, https://rscf.ru/project/24-64-00006</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Данная статья подготовлена за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-64-00006, https://rscf.ru/project/24-64-00006</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>International Diabetes Federation. 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