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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акушерство и гинекология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0300-9092</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-5679</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18565/aig.2025.150</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical risk factors for fetal macrosomia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинические факторы риска макросомии плода</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6090-586X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frankevich</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Франкевич</surname><given-names>Наталья Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Senior Researcher at the Department of Obstetrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., с.н.с. акушерского отделения</p></bio><email>natasha-lomova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5918-9045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tokareva</surname><given-names>Alisa O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Токарева</surname><given-names>Алиса Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (in Physics and Mathematics), specialist at the Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., специалист лаборатории клинической протеомики</p></bio><email>alisa.tokareva@phystech.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0025-3182</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karapetyan</surname><given-names>Tamara E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карапетян</surname><given-names>Тамара Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Med. Sci., Senior Researcher at the Department of Obstetrics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., с.н.с. акушерского отделения</p></bio><email>tomamed02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6146-561X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutsenko</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куценко</surname><given-names>Анастасия Аркадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры акушерства и гинекологии</p></bio><email>maori.nastya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7975-1115</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>Angela G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Анжела Григорьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>applicant at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>соискатель кафедры акушерства и гинекологии</p></bio><email>angela.grigorjevna@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5120-376X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chagovets</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чаговец</surname><given-names>Виталий Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (in Physics and Mathematics), Head of the Laboratory of Metabolomics and Bioinformatics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.ф.-м.н., заведующий лабораторией метаболомики и биоинформатики</p></bio><email>v_chagovets@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9780-4579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frankevich</surname><given-names>Vladimir E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Франкевич</surname><given-names>Владимир Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (in Physics and Mathematics), Director for Science – Head of the Department of Systems Biology in Reproduction, Institute of Translational Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф-м.н., директор по науке – заведующий отделом системной биологии в репродукции института трансляционной медицины</p></bio><email>v_frankevich@oparina4.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В.И. Кулакова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>9</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>70</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-03"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bionika Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bionika Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «Бионика Медиа»</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/691931">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0300-9092/article/view/691931</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Relevance:</bold> The prevalence of fetal macrosomia is steadily increasing worldwide and reaches up to 20%. Fetal macrosomia complicates the course of pregnancy and birth, leading to the increase in the number of emergency caesarean sections and perinatal losses by 1.5–3 times. Current prediction strategies are inaccurate, and most patients with fetal macrosomia are sent to labor with the “unknown status”. Current prognostic strategies are inaccurate, and the majority of patients with fetal macrosomia go into labor with the "unknown status".</p> <p><bold>Objective:</bold> To assess the clinical and laboratory risk factors for fetal macrosomia with subsequent development of prognostic mathematical models.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods:</bold> The case-control study included 110 female patients. Group I (the main group) consisted of 30 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Group II (the control group) consisted of 80 women without GDM. The patients were stratified into four subgroups: Ia and 1b, IIa and IIb) depending on the presence of absence of fetal macrosomia and GDM. The clinical and laboratory risk factors were determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.</p> <p><bold>Results: </bold>Risk factors for the development of macrosomia included parity, body mass index before and during pregnancy, macrosomia in history, body weight of the pregnant woman and her partner (baby’s father) at birth, triglyceride and glucose levels at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, estimated fetal weight during the 3rd ultrasound screening, and baby’s gender. Based on the obtained clinical and laboratory data, mathematical prediction models of macrosomia were constructed. The sensitivity was 100–78%, and specificity was 85–50%, the AUC was 0.76–0.77.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>The developed mathematical models can be used to predict the development of fetal macrosomia at or after 24 weeks of pregnancy, both independently of the presence of GDM (also in the group with unknown GDM status) and can be used separately in the group of women with carbohydrate metabolism disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность:</bold> Распространенность фетальной макросомии по всему миру неуклонно растет, доходя до 20%. Фетальная макросомия осложняет течение беременности и родов, приводит к увеличению частоты экстренного кесарева сечения и перинатальных потерь в 1,5–3 раза. Текущие стратегии прогнозирования неточны, и большая часть пациенток с фетальной макросомией отправляется на роды в «неизвестном статусе».</p> <p><bold>Цель: </bold>Оценка клинических и лабораторных факторов риска фетальной макросомии с последующей разработкой прогностических математических моделей.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы:</bold> В рамках исследования «случай-контроль» было отобрано 110 пациенток: основная I группа с гестационным сахарным диабетом (ГСД) включала 30 пациенток; группа сравнения II без ГСД – 80 женщин. Далее пациентки были стратифицированы на четыре подгруппы (Iа и Iб; IIа и IIб) в зависимости от наличия или отсутствия фетальной макросомии и ГСД. Для выявления клинических и лабораторных факторов риска был проведен одномерный и многомерный логистический регрессионный анализ.</p> <p><bold>Результаты: </bold>К факторам риска развития макросомии были отнесены: паритет, индекс массы тела до и во время беременности, наличие макросомии в анамнезе, масса тела беременной и ее партнера (отца ребенка) при их родах, уровень триглицеридов и глюкозы на сроке 24–28 недель беременности, предполагаемая масса плода во время 3-го УЗ скрининга и пол новорожденного. С учетом полученных клинико-лабораторных данных были построены математические модели предсказания развития макросомии с чувствительностью 100–78% и специфичностью 85–50%, AUC=0,76–0,77.</p> <p><bold>Заключение: </bold>Разработанные математические модели можно использовать для прогноза развития фетальной макросомии уже с 24 недель беременности, как не зависимые от наличия ГСД (с возможностью их использования в группе с неизвестным статусом по наличию ГСД), так и для применения изолированно в группе женщин с нарушениями углеводного обмена.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fetal macrosomia</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>prognostic models</kwd><kwd>gestational diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>multivariate logistic regression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фетальная макросомия</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>прогностические модели</kwd><kwd>гестационный сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>многомерный логистический регрессионный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was funded by research funding grant No. 24-64-00006 of the Russian Science Foundation, https://rscf.ru/project/24-64-00006/</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 24-64-00006, https://rscf.ru/project/24-64-00006/</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Langley-Evans S.C., Pearce J., Ellis S. 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