Factors influencing the participation of women in cervical cancer screening programs


Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription or Fee Access

Abstract

The data available in the literature on the factors influencing the effectiveness of cervical cancer (CC) screening are analyzed. These are shown to include the subjective experience of women and a number of psychological factors. Different attitudes of the examinees towards a medical examination procedure and towards material sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) are noted. It is stated that the reason for non-participation in screening may be a lack of understanding of the importance of screening and underestimation of the risk of CC; a major role is played by socioeconomic and sociocultural factors. Most authors believe that self-sampling may result in more women willing to participate in CC screening programs. This approach encourages women to experience a greater sense of confidentiality and independence, which is extremely important for a number of social groups. Most women report positive experiences with self-sampling, which contributes to increasing their compliance with CC screening programs.

Full Text

Restricted Access

About the authors

Inna A. Apolikhina

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: apolikhina@inbox.ru
MD, professor, head of aesthetical gynecology and rehabilitation department

Lala K. Bashirova

I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)

Email: leyla9296@hotmail.com
doctor obstetrician-gynecologist

Gulnar F. Gasanova

Academician V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia

Email: ice8507@rambler.ru
graduent student

References

  1. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M.M., Ferlay J., Ward E., Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2011; 61: 69-90. https://dx.doi.org/10.3322/ caac.20107.
  2. Ramzan M., Noor ul Ain., Ilyas S., Umer M., Bano S., Sarwar S. et al. A cornucopia of screening and diagnostic techniques for human papillomavirus associ-ated cervical carcinomas. J. Virol. Methods. 2015; 222: 192-201. https://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j. jviromet.2015.06.015.
  3. Аполихина И.А., Баширова Л.К., Горбунова Е.А. Возможности применения теста самозабора материала при скрининге рака шейки матки (обзор литературы). Гинекология. 2018; 20(3): 57-60.
  4. Левшин В.Ф., Завельская А.Я. Факторы риска и профилактика рака шейки матки. Вопросы онкологии. 2017; 63(3): 506-16.
  5. Walboomers J.M.M., Jacobs M.V., Manos M.M., Bosch X.F., Kummer A.J., Shah K.V. et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J. Pathol. 1999; 189: 12-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1.
  6. de Sanjose S., Quint W.G., Alemany L., Geraets D.T., Klaustermeier J.E., Lloveras B. et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. Lancet Oncol. 2010; 11(11): 1048-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70230-8.
  7. Tambouret R.H. The evolution of the papanicolaou smear. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2013; 56: 3-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e318282b982.
  8. Nayar R., Wilbur D.C. The Bethesda system for reporting cervical cytology: a historical perspective. Acta Cytol. 2017; 61(4-5): 359-72. https://dx.doi. org/10.1159/000477556.
  9. Schiffinan M., Doorbar J., Wentzensen N., de Sanjose S., Fakhry C., Monk B.J. et al. Carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2016; 2: 16086. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.86.
  10. Gage J.C., Schiffman M., Katki H.A., Castle P.E., Fetterman B., Wentzensen N. et al. Reassurance against future risk of precancer and cancer conferred by a negative human papillomavirus test. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2014; 106(8): dju 153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dju153.
  11. Bessell T., Lang A., Creelman A., Hammond I. Renewal of the national cervical screening program - from evidence-based recommendations to policy and practice: 369. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014; 10: 20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ ajco.12332.
  12. Committee on Practice Bulletins - Gynecology. Practice Bulletin No. 168: cervical cancer screening and prevention. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016; 128(4): e111 30. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001708
  13. US Preventive Services Task Force UPSTF. Draft recommendation statement: cervical cancer: screening. 2017. Available at: https:// www.uspreventi-veservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/ cervical-cancer-screening
  14. Watson M., Benard V., King J., Crawford A., Saraiya M. National assessment of HPV and Pap tests: changes in cervical cancer screening, National Health Interview Survey. Prev. Med. 2017; 100: 243-7. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ypmed.2017.05.004.
  15. Crawford A., Benard V., King J., Thomas C.C. Understanding barriers to cervical cancer screening in women with access to care, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2014. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2016; 13: E154. https://dx.doi. org/10.5888/ pcd13.160225.
  16. Levinson K.L., Jernigan A.M., Flocke S.A., Tergas A.I., Gunderson C.C., Huh W.K. et al. Intimate partner violence and barriers to cervical cancer screening: a gynecologic oncology fellow research network study. J. Low. Genit. Tract. Dis. 2016; 20(1): 47-51. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/LGT.0000000000000153.
  17. Musselwhite L.W., Oliveira C.M., Kwaramba T., de Paula Pantano N., Smith J.S., Fregnani J.H. et al. Racial/ethnic disparities in cervical cancer screening and outcomes. Acta Cytol. 2016; 60(6): 518-26. https://dx.doi. org/10.1159/000452240.
  18. Marlow L.A.V., Waller J., Wardle J. Barriers to cervical cancer screening among ethnic minority women: a qualitative study. J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care. 2015; 41(4): 248-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jfprhc-2014-101082.
  19. Alcala H.E., Mitchell E., Keim-Malpass J. Adverse childhood experiences and cervical cancer screening. J. Womens Health. (Larchmt). 2017; 26: 58-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2016.5823.
  20. Jia Y., Li S., Yang R., Zhou H., Xiang Q., Hu T. et al. Knowledge about cervical cancer and barriers of screening program among women in Wufeng County, a high-incidence region of cervical cancer in China. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e67005. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067005.
  21. Hansen B.T., Hukkelberg S.S., Haldorsen T., Eriksen T., Skare G.B., Nygard M. Factors associated with non-attendance, opportunistic attendance and reminded attendance to cervical screening in an organized screening program: a crosssectional study of 12,058 Norwegian women. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 264. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-264.
  22. Everett T., Bryant A., Griffin M.F., Martin-Hirsch P.P., Forbes C.A., Jepson R.G. Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2011; (5): CD002834. https://dx.doi. org/10.1002/14651858.
  23. Bosgraaf R.P., Ketelaars P.J.W., Verhoef V.M.J., Massuger L.F.A.G., Meijer C.J.L.M., Melchers W.J.G. et al. Reasons for non-attendance to cervical screening and preferences for HPV self-sampling in Dutch women. Prev. Med. 2014; 64: 108-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.04.011.
  24. Zehbe I., Wakewich P., King A.D., Morrisseau K., Tuck C. Self-administered versus provider-directed sampling in the Anishinaabek Cervical Cancer Screening Study (ACCSS): a qualitative investigation with Canadian first nations women. BMJ Open. 2017; 7: e017384. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2017-017384.
  25. Sabatino S.A., White M.C., Thompson T.D., Klabunde C.N.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cancer screening test use - United States, 2013. MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015; 64(17): 464-8.
  26. Douglas E., Waller J., Duffy S.W., Wardle J. Socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical screening coverage in England: are we closing the gap? J. Med. Screen. 2016; 23(2): 98-103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141315600192.
  27. Nelson E.J., Maynard B.R., Loux T., Fatla J., Gordon R., Arnold L.D. The acceptability of self-sampled screening for HPV DNA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2017; 93: 56-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ sextrans-2016-052609.
  28. Gok M., van Kemenade F.J., Heideman D.A.M., Berkhof J., Rozendaal L., Spruyt J.W.M. et al. Experience with high-risk human papillomavirus testing on vaginal brush-based self-samples of non-attendees of the cervical screen-ing program. Int. J. Cancer. 2012; 130(5): 1128-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ 43. ijc.26128.
  29. Enerly E., Bonde J., Schee K., Pedersen H., Lonnberg S., Nygard M. Selfsampling for human papillomavirus testing among non-attenders increases attendance to the Norwegian cervical cancer screening programme. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0151978. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151978.
  30. Wikstrom I., Lindell M., Sanner K., Wilander E. Self-sampling and HPV testing or ordinary Pap-smear in women not regularly attending screening: a randomised study. Br. J. Cancer. 2011; 105(3): 337-9. https://dx.doi. org/10.1038/bjc.2011.236.
  31. Virtanen A., Nieminen P., Luostarinen T., Anttila A. Self-sample HPV tests as an intervention for nonattendees of cervical cancer screening in Finland: a randomized trial. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2011; 20(9): 1960-9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-0307.
  32. Giorgi Rossi P., Fortunato C., Barbarino P., Boveri S., Caroli S., Del Mistro A. et al. Self-sampling to increase participation in cervical cancer screening: an RCT comparing home mailing, distribution in pharmacies, and recall letter. Br. J. Cancer. 2015; 112(4): 667-75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.11.
  33. Szarewski A., Cadman L., Mesher D., Austin J., Ashdown-Barr L., Edwards R. et al. HPV self-sampling as an alternative strategy in non-attenders for cervi-cal screening - a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Cancer. 2011; 104(6): 915-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.48.
  34. Cadman L., Wilkes S., Mansour D., Austin J., Ashdown-Barr L., Edwards R. et al. A randomized controlled trial in non-responders from Newcastle upon Tyne invited to return a self-sample for human papillomavirus testing versus repeat invitation for cervical screening. J. Med. Screen. 2015; 22: 28-37. https://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0969141314558785.
  35. Sultana F., English D.R., Simpson J.A., Drennan K.T., Mullins R., Brotherton J.M.L. et al. Home-based HPV self-sampling improves participation by never- screened and under-screened women: results from a large randomized trial (iPap) in Australia. Int. J. Cancer. 2016; 139(2): 281-90. https://dx.doi. org/10.1002/ijc.30031.
  36. Arrossi S., Thouyaret L., Herrero R., Campanera A., Magdaleno A., Cuberli M. et al. Effect of self-collection of HPV DNA offered by community health workers at home visits on uptake of screening for cervical cancer (the EMA study): a population-based cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob. Health. 2015; 3(3): e85-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S2214-109X(14)70354-7.
  37. Camilloni L., Ferroni E., Cendales B.J., Pezzarossi A., Furnari G., Borgia P. et al. Methods to increase participation in organised screening programs: a system-atic review. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 464. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-464.
  38. Racey C.S., Withrow D.R., Gesink D. Self-collected HPV testing improves participation in cervical cancer screening: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Can. J. Public Health. 2013; 104(2): e159-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.17269/ cjph.104.3776.
  39. Verdoodt F., Jentschke M., Hillemanns P., Racey C.S., Snijders P.J.F., Arbyn M. Reaching women who do not participate in the regular cervical cancer screening programme by offering self-sampling kits: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Eur. J. Cancer. 2015; 51(16): 2375-85. https://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.ejca.2015.07.006.
  40. Viviano M., Catarino R., Jeannot E., Boulvain M., Malinverno M.U., Vassilakos P. et al. Self-sampling to improve cervical cancer screening coverage in Switzerland: a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Cancer. 2017; 116(11): 1382-8. https:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.111.
  41. Lazcano-Ponce E., Lorincz A.T., Cruz-Valdez A., Salmeron J., Uribe P., Velasco-Mondragon E. et al. Self-collection of vaginal specimens for human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer prevention (MARCH): a community-based randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011; 378(9806): 1868-73. https:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61522-5.
  42. Zehbe I., Moeller H., Severini A., Weaver B., Escott N., Bell C. et al. Feasibility of self-sampling and human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening in first nation women from Northwest Ontario, Canada: a pilot study. BMJ Open. 2011; 1(1): e000030. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2010-000030.
  43. Gottschlich A., Rivera-Andrade A., Grajeda E., Alvarez C., Mendoza Montano C., Meza R. Acceptability of human papillomavirus self-sampling for cervical cancer screening in an Indigenous Community in Guatemala. J. Glob. Oncol. 2017; 3(5): 444-54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JG0.2016.005629.
  44. Wong E.L.Y., Chan P.K.S., Chor J.S.Y., Cheung A.W.L., Huang F., Wong S.Y.S. Evaluation of the impact of human papillomavirus DNA self-sampling on the uptake of cervical cancer screening. Cancer Nurs. 2016; 39(1): E1-11. https:// dx.doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000000241.
  45. Sultana F., Mullins R., English D.R., Simpson J.A., Drennan K.T., Heley S. et al. Women’s experience with home-based self-sampling for human papillomavirus testing. BMC Cancer. 2015; 15: 849. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-015-1804-x.
  46. Allen-Leigh B., Uribe-Zuniga P., Leon-Maldonado L., Brown B.J., Lorincz A., Salmeron J. et al. Barriers to HPV self-sampling and cytology among low-in-come indigenous women in rural areas of a middle-income setting: a qual-itative study. BMC Cancer. 2017; 17: 734. https://dx.doi.o^/10.1186/s12885-017-3723-5.
  47. Galbraith K.V., Gilkey M.B., Smith J.S., Richman A.R., Barclay L., Brewer N.T. Perceptions of mailed HPV self-testing among women at higher risk for cervical cancer. J. Community Health. 2014; 39(5): 849-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s10900-014-9931-x.
  48. Mao C., Kulasingam S.L., Whitham H.K., Hawes S.E., Lin J., Kiviat N.B. Clinician and patient acceptability of self-collected human papillomavirus testing for cervical cancer screening. J. Womens Health (Larchmt). 2017; 26(6): 609-15. 1 https://dx.doi.org/0.1089/jwh.2016.5965.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies