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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">320931</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-320931</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Environmentally friendly technologies and equipment</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экологически чистые технологии и оборудование</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Research of the combustion process in a tractor diesel engine when operating on alcohol and vegetable oil</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование процесса сгорания в тракторном дизеле при работе на спирте и растительном масле</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3033-7176</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57197821797</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9474-7629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Likhanov</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиханов</surname><given-names>Виталий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Professor, Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Head of the Heat Engines, Automobiles and Tractors Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>профессор, д-р техн. наук, заведующий кафедрой тепловых двигателей, автомобилей и тракторов</p></bio><email>lihanov.va@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-6878</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57197821205</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ААД-8374-2019</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8716-0189</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopatin</surname><given-names>Oleg P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопатин</surname><given-names>Олег Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Tech.), Professor of the Heat Engines, Automobiles and Tractors Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор кафедры тепловых двигателей, автомобилей и тракторов</p></bio><email>nirs_vsaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vyatka State Agrotechnological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Вятский государственный агротехнологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-08-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-09-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>90</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>191</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-07-23"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-09-14"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/320931">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/320931</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Tractor diesels are widely used in agriculture, industry and transport due to their high efficiency, reliability, manufacturability and economy. Nevertheless, the ever-increasing tractor fleet is one of the main causes of environmental pollution and the increase in the consumption of petroleum motor fuel. The paper substantiates the use of an alternative fuel, suitable in its physical and chemical characteristics and properties for efficient and environmentally friendly combustion in a tractor diesel, such as ethanol and rapeseed oil.</p> <p><bold>AIMS: </bold>Research of the combustion process in a tractor diesel engine operating on ethanol and rapeseed oil, establishment the dependencies of the influence of tractor diesel operating modes on the combustion process indicators and determination of their numerical characteristics.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> An experimental sample of a tractor diesel engine was converted for operation on ethanol and rapeseed oil. Ethanol was used as the main fuel and was ignited with a jet of rapeseed oil entering the diesel combustion chamber. Ethanol has a lower calorific value compared to diesel fuel, therefore, there was a need to determine the optimal cyclic supply of the ignition portion of rapeseed oil and to study the indicators of the combustion process.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The results of experimental studies of the effect of the use of ethanol and rapeseed oil as a pilot fuel on the indicators of the combustion process of tractor diesel are presented. The optimal value of the cyclic supply of rapeseed oil has been determined, a decrease in the value of which from the optimal value leads to an increase in exhaust gas temperature, specific effective and total fuel consumption, worsens the combustion process, while an increase of it worsens the environmental performance of a tractor diesel engine, including the smokiness of exhaust gases. The results of scientific research on the determination of optimal installation angles of advance injection of ethanol and rapeseed oil are presented.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>The complete replacement of petroleum diesel fuel with alternative fuels has been achieved without making significant changes to the design of a tractor diesel engine, improving its environmental characteristics while maintaining power indicators at the level of a serial diesel. On the basis of the conducted studies of the operating process of a tractor diesel engine on ethanol and rapeseed oil, the dependencies of the influence of its operating modes on the indicators of the combustion process are established and their numerical characteristics are determined.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Тракторные дизели широко используются в сельском хозяйстве, в промышленности на транспорте благодаря их высокой эффективности, надежности, технологичности и экономичности. Тем не менее, постоянно увеличивающийся автотракторный парк является одной из основных причин загрязнения окружающей среды и роста потребления нефтяного моторного топлива. В настоящей работе обосновано применение, подходящего по своим физико-химическим характеристикам и свойствам для эффективного и экологичного сгорания в тракторном дизеле, альтернативного топлива – этилового спирта и рапсового масла.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> <bold>работы</bold> ― исследование процесса сгорания в тракторном дизеле, работающем на этиловом спирте и рапсовом масле, установление зависимостей влияния режимов работы тракторного дизеля на показатели процесса сгорания и определение их числовых характеристик.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Экспериментальный образец тракторного дизеля был переоборудован для работы на этиловом спирте и рапсовом масле. Этанол использовался в качестве основного топлива и воспламенялся от поступающей в камеру сгорания дизеля струи рапсового масла. Этиловый спирт имеет меньшую теплотворную способность по сравнению с дизельным топливом, следовательно, возникла потребность в определении оптимальной цикловой подачи запальной порции рапсового масла и исследовании показателей процесса сгорания.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Представлены результаты экспериментальных исследований влияния применения этилового спирта и рапсового масла в качестве запального (пилотного) топлива на показатели процесса сгорания тракторного дизеля. Определена оптимальная величина цикловой подачи рапсового масла, уменьшение величины которой от оптимального значения приводит к росту температуры отработавших газов, удельного эффективного и суммарного расходов топлива, ухудшает процесс сгорания, а увеличение – ухудшает экологические показатели тракторного дизеля, в том числе, дымность отработавших газов. Представлены результаты научных исследований по определению оптимальных установочных углов опережения впрыскивания этилового спирта и рапсового масла.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Достигнуто полное замещение нефтяного дизельного топлива альтернативными видами топлива без внесения существенных изменений в конструкцию тракторного дизеля, улучшение его экологических характеристик при сохранении мощностных показателей на уровне серийного дизеля. На основании проведенных исследований рабочего процесса тракторного дизеля на этиловом спирте и рапсовом масле установлены зависимости влияния его режимов работы на показатели процесса сгорания и определены их числовые характеристики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tractor diesel engine</kwd><kwd>ethanol</kwd><kwd>rapeseed oil</kwd><kwd>combustion process</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тракторный дизель</kwd><kwd>этиловый спирт</kwd><kwd>рапсовое масло</kwd><kwd>процесс сгорания</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gowrishankar S, Krishnasamy A. A relative assessment of emulsification and water injection methods to mitigate higher oxides of nitrogen emissions from biodiesel fueled light-duty diesel engine. 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