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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634059</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-634059</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XFKZAJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, designing, testing</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теория, конструирование, испытания</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Model of the ripper tooth deepening based on the example of the motion of a straight stamp</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Модель заглубления зуба рыхлителя на примере движения прямого штампа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2763-0515</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8733-7935</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Troyanovskaya</surname><given-names>Irina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трояновская</surname><given-names>Ирина Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Honorary Mechanical Engineer of the Russian Federation, Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Почетный машиностроитель РФ, д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>tripav63@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">South Ural State Agrarian University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский государственный аграрный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>150</fpage><lpage>156</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-05"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-18"><day>18</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-06-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634059">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634059</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The purpose of industrial loosening is to destroy a single ground layer and it is used on hard (frozen or rocky) grounds. The fundamental difference between industrial loosening and agricultural loosening is the presence of forced deepening. The process of deepening the ripper into the ground is very important, and largely determines the efficiency of operation of the entire unit. During the process of forced deepening, the ripper performs a combined motion in the horizontal and vertical directions. Currently, there is a lot of experimental data on the process of deepening the working tool, but there is no adequate mathematical model.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>Development of a mathematical model for deepening a ripper into the ground using the example of the motion of a straight stamp.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> At the initial stage of deepening the stamp into the ground, a linear dependence between vertical deformation and force is assumed. The inverse problem of dynamics was solved in the paper. The equation for the motion path of a working tool in the ground was found based on the known vertical force and horizontal motion of the tractor.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A mathematical model of the motion of a straight stamp under the vertical force during horizontal motion of the tractor has been developed. The two models describe the process of deepening a stamp in the ground. For the horizontal motion within the width of the stamp, the motion is described by a linear equation with separable variables. In case of the horizontal motion greater than the width of the stamp, the motion is described by a differential equation with a retarded argument.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><italic> </italic>Dimensionless variables made it possible to reduce the equation of the working tool path to a single form, regardless of the size of the stamp and the type of ground. The developed mathematical model can be used as a basis for describing the process of deepening any working tool into the ground.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Цель промышленного рыхления заключается в разрушении единого почвенного пласта и его применяют на твёрдых (мёрзлых или скальных) грунтах. Принципиальное отличие промышленного рыхления от сельскохозяйственного заключается в наличии принудительного заглубления. Процесс заглубления рыхлителя в грунт очень важен, и во многом определяет эффективность работы всего агрегата. В процессе принудительного заглубления рыхлитель осуществляет совместное движение в горизонтальном и вертикальном направлении. В настоящий момент имеется множество экспериментальных данных процесса заглубления рабочего орудия, однако отсутствует адекватная математическая модель.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — разработка математической модели заглубления рыхлителя в грунт на примере движения прямого штампа.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> На начальном этапе погружения штампа в грунт принята линейная зависимость между вертикальной деформацией и усилием. В статье решалась обратная задача динамики. Было найдено уравнение траектории движения рабочего орудия в грунте по известному вертикальному усилию и горизонтальному перемещению трактора.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Разработана математическая модель движения прямого штампа под действием вертикальной силы при горизонтальном перемещении трактора. Процесс погружения штампа в грунт описан двумя моделями. При горизонтальном перемещении в пределах ширины штампа движение описывается линейным уравнением с разделяющимися переменными. В случае, когда горизонтальное перемещение больше ширины штампа, движение описывается дифференциальным уравнением с запаздывающим аргументом.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Безразмерные переменные позволили привести уравнение траектории рабочего инструмента к единому виду независимо от размеров штампа и типа грунта. Предложенная модель может быть положена в основу описания взаимодействия процесса заглубления любого рабочего орудиями в грунт.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>industrial loosening</kwd><kwd>motion path of the working tool in the ground</kwd><kwd>equation with separable variables</kwd><kwd>equation with retarded argument</kwd><kwd>dimensionless coefficients</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>промышленное рыхление</kwd><kwd>траектория движения рабочего орудия в грунте</kwd><kwd>уравнение с разделяющимися переменными</kwd><kwd>уравнение с запаздывающим аргументом</kwd><kwd>безразмерные коэффициенты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gorobey VP. Technical solutions for loosening and cultivation of vineyards between rows. Automated design in mechanical engineering. 2024;16:26–29. doi: 10.26160/2309-8864-2024-16-26-29 (In Russ.) 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