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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634161</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-634161</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RAMYUQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory, designing, testing</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теория, конструирование, испытания</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Calculation of normal tire stiffness for tractors and agricultural machinery based on the loaded wheel radius</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Расчёт нормальной жёсткости шин для тракторов и сельскохозяйственных машин на основе радиуса качения колеса</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5152-9340</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2595-2802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balakina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балакина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>fahrgestell@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-6395</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1256-3631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergienko</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергиенко</surname><given-names>Иван Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Assistant</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, ассистент</p></bio><email>sergienko-1993@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8149-4386</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7886-1510</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konshin</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коньшин</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Master</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр</p></bio><email>Vovan.v5202@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd state technical university</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский государственный технический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>157</fpage><lpage>167</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-09"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-20"><day>20</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-06-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634161">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634161</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> To preserve the physical properties of soils, manufacturers of agricultural machinery use tools to reduce the pressure of the chassis supporting elements on the ground. One of them is reducing tire stiffness. The normal (radial) stiffness of a tire determines its ability to deform and the geometric parameters of the contact patch, which determine the pressure on the soil. The values of the normal tire stiffness during design modeling of the motion of tractors or agricultural machinery are calculated using existing universal experimental dependencies that are not specialized for tractors and agricultural machinery.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> Development of a method for calculating the normal tire stiffness for tractors and agricultural machinery based on the loaded wheel radius.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>Calculations of the normal stiffness of the tires with a given free radius at normalized tire pressure and vertical load for tractors and agricultural machinery were carried out according to the new proposed method using the loaded radius. The used software products are Excel, MatLab, Curve Expert Professional.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A method has been developed for calculating the normal (radial) stiffness of an agricultural tire of a given free radius at a given load and internal pressure, based on the use of the loaded wheel radius. Using the obtained method, the stiffness of 93 tires for tractors and agricultural machinery was calculated. The maximum error in calculating the stiffness of agricultural tires using the proposed method was 20% for radial and diagonal tires and the average error was 6% for radial tires and 10% for bias tires.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A method for calculating the normal stiffness for agricultural tires using the loaded wheel radius has been developed and implemented. The method can be used in design modeling of the motion of a tractor or an agricultural machine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Для сохранения физических свойств почв производители сельскохозяйственных машин используют средства уменьшения давления опорных элементов шасси на грунт. Одно из них — снижение жесткости шин. Нормальная (радиальная) жёсткость шины определяет её способность к деформированию и геометрические параметры пятна контакта, определяющие давление на почву. Значения величины нормальной жесткости шины при проектном моделировании движения тракторов и сельскохозяйственных машин рассчитывают по известным универсальным экспериментальным зависимостям, не являющимся специализированными для тракторов и сельскохозяйственных машин.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> — разработка методики расчёта нормальной жесткости шин для тракторов и сельскохозяйственных машин на основе радиуса качения в ведомом режиме колеса.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Для тракторов и сельскохозяйственных машин расчёты нормальной жесткости шин заданного свободного радиуса при нормируемом давлении в шине и вертикальной нагрузке производились по новой предложенной методике через радиус качения в ведомом режиме колеса. Использовались программные продукты: Excel, MatLab, Curve Expert Professional.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Разработана методика расчёта нормальной (радиальной) жёсткости сельскохозяйственной шины заданного свободного радиуса при заданной нагрузке и внутреннем давлении, основанная на использовании радиуса качения в ведомом режиме колеса. По полученной методике рассчитаны жесткости 93 шин для тракторов и сельскохозяйственных машин. Максимальная погрешность расчёта жёсткости сельскохозяйственных шин по предложенной методике составила для радиальных и диагональных шин 20%, а средняя погрешность составила: для радиальных шин — 6%, а для диагональных шин — 10%.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Разработана и реализована методика расчёта нормальной жесткости сельскохозяйственных шин через радиус качения в ведомом режиме колеса. Методика может быть использована при проектном моделировании движения трактора или сельскохозяйственной машины.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tractor tire</kwd><kwd>agricultural machine tire</kwd><kwd>normal stiffness</kwd><kwd>calculation method</kwd><kwd>loaded radius</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>шина трактора</kwd><kwd>шина сельскохозяйственной машины</kwd><kwd>нормальная жёсткость</kwd><kwd>методика расчёта</kwd><kwd>радиус качения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ВолгГТУ «Приоритет 2030»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Volga State Technical University "Priority 2030"</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>9/650-24</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Balabin IV, Chabunin IS under general ed. IV Balabin. 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