<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Tractors and Agricultural Machinery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тракторы и сельхозмашины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0321-4443</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-425X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">634266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/0321-4443-634266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">DTXKJU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Quality, reliability</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Качество, надёжность</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ensuring the operationality of connecting rod bearings of the KAMAZ–740 automotive diesel engines</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Обеспечение работоспособности шатунных подшипников автомобильных дизелей КАМАЗ–740</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3880-9419</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6978-1196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikishin</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никишин</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д–р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>VNNikishin@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4016-2381</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3492-4311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalimullin</surname><given-names>Ruslan F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калимуллин</surname><given-names>Руслан Флюрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor, Head of the Automobiles Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д–р техн. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой</p></bio><email>rkalimullin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-0136</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6745-0764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulakov</surname><given-names>Alexander T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулаков</surname><given-names>Александр Тихонович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Engineering), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д–р техн. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>alttrak09@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>92</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>185</fpage><lpage>197</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-12"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-11"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-06-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634266">https://journals.eco-vector.com/0321-4443/article/view/634266</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Unacceptable shape changing of the liners, which have been studied quite fully with regard to influence of changing the geometric parameters on their technical condition, but the factors causing such a process are not fully described, is a special one among the causes of operational failures of connecting rod bearings of automotive diesel engines crankshafts.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>Improving the reliability of automotive engines by eliminating the shape changing of crankshaft connecting rod bearing liners in operation.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This paper summarizes the results of studies of the performance of connecting rod bearings of the KAMAZ–740.10 automotive diesel engines under bench test conditions using original methods. The results are obtained from ongoing exploratory research work using original proprietary methods using laboratory equipment of the manufacturer and test objects, modified and prepared to obtain data under standard and limiting conditions. Decrease in protrusion and straightening, which determine the stressed state of the liner in a bed, and deflection along the generatrix, which violates the cylindricity of the bearing and reduces the actual clearance in the bearing, acting simultaneously as a single process are the study object.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>The paper presents the results of comprehensive studies of factors contributing to the development of deformations of connecting rod bearings under the influence of a stressed state in a steel base, taking into account various temperature conditions and conditions for supplying oil to connecting rod bearings. It has been found that stresses in the steel base of the liners are formed during their manufacture, during stamping and pouring, to which the stresses from installation and temperature gradients in the bed during diesel operation are then summed up. The ongoing process of stress relaxation in the steel base when the stress is excessive causes the decrease in the performance of the liners. The liners change their initial stress state and geometric parameters (protrusion and straightening), and relaxation takes place within 180–200 running hours of engine operation at nominal mode, after which the intensity of the change approaches zero. Data on significant temperature gradients of the steel base of the liner in the bed were obtained: the temperature difference between the inner and outer surfaces of the liner can reach from 60 °C to 80 °C, and between the liner and the connecting rod – from 50 °C to 70 °C, which causes the formation of additional compressive stresses and associated shape changes of liners. Deformations lead to shape changes of the working surface and to a violation of the oil layer, as well as to direct contact of the liner with the neck due to deflection sampling, gripping of surfaces and turning of the inserts.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The new results obtained on the process of decreasing the performance of connecting rod bearings due to shape changes make it possible to optimize the design and operational parameters of crankshaft bearings and lubrication systems of automotive diesel engines. Examples of innovative design solutions for connecting rod bearings with high resistance to deformation are given.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Среди причин эксплуатационных отказов шатунных подшипников коленчатого вала автомобильных дизелей особое место занимает недопустимое формоизменение вкладышей, которое довольно подробно изучено с позиций влияния изменения геометрических параметров на их техническое состояние, однако, не в полной мере описаны факторы, порождающие такой процесс.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы</bold> — повышение надёжности автомобильных двигателей за счёт исключения в эксплуатации формоизменения вкладышей шатунных подшипников коленчатого вала.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В настоящей статье обобщены результаты исследований работоспособности шатунных вкладышей автомобильных дизелей КАМАЗ–740.10 в условиях стендовых испытаний с использованием оригинальных методик. Результаты получены по проводимым поисковым научно–исследовательским работам с применением оригинальных авторских методик на лабораторном оборудовании завода–изготовителя и объектов испытаний, доработанных и препарированных для получения данных при штатных и предельных условиях. Интерес вызывали происходящие одновременно, как единый процесс, снижение выступания и распрямления, определяющие напряженное состояние вкладыша в постели, и прогиб по образующей, нарушающий цилиндричность подшипника и снижающий фактический зазор в подшипнике.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В настоящей статье приведены результаты комплексных исследований факторов, способствующих развитию деформаций шатунных вкладышей под воздействием напряжённого состояния в стальной основе с учетом различных температурных условий и условий подвода масла к шатунным подшипникам. Установлено, что напряжения в стальной основе вкладышей формируются при их изготовлении уже при штамповке и заливке, к которым затем суммируются напряжения от монтажа и температурных градиентов в постели при работе дизеля. Снижение работоспособности вкладышей обуславливается протекающим процессом релаксации напряжений в стальной основе при их избыточности. Вкладыши меняют своё исходное напряженное состояние и геометрические параметры, а релаксация проходит за 200 мото–часов работы двигателя на номинальном режиме, после чего интенсивность изменения приближается к нулю. Получены данные по существенным градиентам температуры стальной основы вкладыша в постели — разница температур между внутренней и наружной поверхностями вкладыша может достигать от 60 °С до 80 °С, а между вкладышем и шатуном — от 50 °С до 70 °С, что вызывает образование дополнительных напряжений сжатия и сопутствующих формоизменений вкладышей. Деформации приводят к формоизменениям рабочей поверхности и к нарушению масляного слоя, а также прямому контакту вкладыша с шейкой из–за выборки зазора прогибом, схватыванию поверхностей и проворачиванию вкладышей.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные новые результаты о процессе снижения работоспособности шатунных вкладышей из–за формоизменения дают возможность оптимизации конструктивных и эксплуатационных параметров подшипников коленчатого вала и системы смазки автомобильных дизелей. Приведены примеры инновационных конструктивных решений шатунных вкладышей с высокой стойкостью к формоизменению.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>liner</kwd><kwd>stresses</kwd><kwd>temperature</kwd><kwd>clearance</kwd><kwd>bearing</kwd><kwd>shape change</kwd><kwd>deflection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вкладыш</kwd><kwd>напряжения</kwd><kwd>температура</kwd><kwd>зазор</kwd><kwd>подшипник</kwd><kwd>формоизменение</kwd><kwd>прогиб</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Denisov AS, Kulakov AT. Analysis of the causes of operational destruction of connecting rod bearings of KamAZ–740 engines. Dvigatelestroenie. 1981;9:37–40. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kulakov AT, Denisov AS. Ensuring the reliability of automobile and tractor engines. Saratov: Saratov State technical university; 2007. (In Russ.) EDN: QNUBXL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Bykov VG, Saltykov MA, Gorbunov MN. Reasons for irreversible changes in thin–walled bearings and ways to improve the reliability of bearings in highly loaded diesel engines. Dvigatelestroenie. 1980;6:54–57. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Antropov BS, Yanovsky MA, Nesterov DA. Improving the performance of crankshaft bearings. Tractors and agricultural machinery. 2007;12:35–36. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Bykov VG, Saltykov MA, Gorbunov MN. A new way to ensure stability of the geometric parameters of liners for highly loaded diesel bearings. Dvigatelestroenie. 1985;8:32–36. (in Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Kulakov AT, Kulakov OA, Kalimullin RF, Barylnikova EP. Study of the process of connecting rod liners’ shape changing in the pre–failure operation period of transport and technological machines and equipment. Tractors and agricultural machinery. 2023;90(5):469–475. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17816/0321–4443–462805 EDN: GHNFST</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Nikishin VN, Belokon KG, Sibiryakov SV. Sliding bearings in automobile and engine construction. Nab. Chelny: Publishing House Kam. state ing.–econ. acad.; 2012. (In Russ.) EDN: WMHYHH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Gafiyatullin AA. Obespechenie rabotosposobnosti shatunnykh podshipnikov avtotraktornykh digateley putem sozdaniya nerazryvnosti maslyanogo potoka [dissertation] Saratov; 2005. (In Russ.) EDN: NNDPTV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Grigoriev MA, Doletsky VA. Ensuring engine reliability. Moscow: Izd–vo standartov; 1978. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Research, design and calculation of internal combustion heat engines: Proceedings of NAMI. Moscow: NAMI; 1979;176. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kulakov AT, Barylnikova EP, Kalimullin RF. The influence of balanced oil supply to connecting rod bearings on their failures in operation. Intellect. Innovation. Investments. 2019;8:106–115. doi: 10.25198/2077–7175–2019–8–106 (In Russ.) EDN: PPTJAL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Kulakov AT, Barylnikova EP, Talipova IP, et al. Off–design modes of the lubrication system of the KAMAZ–740.10 engine. Natural and technical sciences. 2021;4(155):211–214. (In Russ.) EDN: BYOOQZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Smirnov VG, Luchinin BN. Increasing the durability of automotive engine parts by improving the design of lubrication systems. Moscow: NIINavtoprom; 1980. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Nikishin VN, Kulakov AT, Barylnikova EP, et al. Features of the formation of oil pressure in the lubrication system of KAMAZ engines. In: XVI International Scientific and Practical Conference «Progressivnyye tekhnologii v transportnykh sistemakh»; 2021 Nov 11–13. Orenburg; 2021. (In Russ.) EDN: TMRXDZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Patent RUS 1810640/23.04.93. Bull. №. 15. Denisov AS, Kulakov AT, Neustroev VE. Podshipnik skol’zheniya. (In Russ.) EDN: CVAOZZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Patent RUS № 90511/10.01.10. Byull. № 1. Denisov AS, Sakhapov IA, Kulakov AT, Khabibullin RG. Podshipnik skol’zheniya. (In Russ.) EDN: VREVUS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Patent RUS № 225369/18.04.2024. Byull. №11. Kulakov AT, Shchigartsov IM, Gafiyatullin AA, et al. Podshipnik skol’zheniya dvigatelya vnutrennego sgoraniya. (In Russ.) EDN: JCBYLD</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
